Deviation from Genre in Hitchcock’s Movie, Vertigo :: Movie Film Essays

Deviation from Genre in Hitchcocks Movie, VertigoWhen a director achieves great(p) success, as Hitchcock did, he is able to follow a formula, much like a genre does, for future success. Further, a successful director is able to do a genre movie but place his own personal touch on it in doing so, he ignores the formula that has thus far brought the genre so much success. Knighted as the Master of Suspense, Hitchcock was well known for his witty dialogue and genius plot twists. But Hitchcocks true mastery came through with(predicate) in his ability to enshroud one story within another. In Vertigo, Hitchcock reveals the twist, that an imposter was hired so that the real Madeleine could be murdered, halfway through the film. The inconsiderate tactic breaks the formulaic structure we expect from a murder mystery, in which solutions always come at the end. It risks unsettling the viewer, particularly on an initial viewing of the film. However, by dispensing with formula, Hitchcock shif ts the emphasis of the story from murder to character, a potentially deeper subject than the typical whodunit conundrum.It is after this revelation that Hitchcocks true movie shines through. The mystery is work for the audience, but James Stewarts character Scotty is still haunted by the memory of his possessed love. His possession takes him so far that he attempts to remake a woman (Judy) that reminds him of his beloved Madeleine into the actual woman. With the movie now a love story, Hitchcock was able to elude yet another genre. His twisted approach on a relationship based on obsession with a dead woman garners pity for both Judy, who is something of an accomplice to the murder of the real Madeleine, and for Scotty, who actually fell in love with the woman he is trying to make into a woman he never met. And so Hitchcock is able to pose a stunning irresolution Did Scotty fall in love with Judy or her impression of Madeleine? This answer is impossible to know, with Scotty never h aving met the real Madeleine or getting the chance to know Judy for who she is because she ironically go to her death just as Madeleine did.It is the very departure from genre that may warrant the success of a film. Perhaps the formula has been done too umpteen times, leaving the audience unfulfilled, or the very topic no longer holds any interest.

Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun Essay -- essays research pap

A Raisin in the sunlightThroughout the play, A Raisin in the Sun, the character Beneatha talks about determination her identity. The concept of assimilation becomes very important to the Younger family. Neither of the members of the Younger family precious to assimilate into mainstream America, they just want to live comfortably. The Youngers are an African American family living on the south side of Chicago in the 1950s. They were living during an season where America was extremely racist towards blacks. The Younger family was made up of Mama, the anchor of the family, her daughter Beneatha, her son Walter, his wife pathos, and his son Travis. They all lived in a lower-ranking two-bedroom apartment where they had to share a bathroom in the hall with their neighbors and Travis slept on the couch.Mama and her family were about to receive a check for $10,000 from the deceased Mr. Youngers insurance policy. This money seemed like the answer to the familys prayers. Everyone seemed to have expectant dreams for the money. Mama precious to buy a house, Walter wanted to invest the money into a liquor store, and Beneatha wanted to use the money for her medical school tuition. Ruth agreed with Mamas ideal of buying a house and she model that the house would provide more space and opportunity for her son.Mama wanted to use the insurance money to buy a house. She finally had the chance to follow up the dream that her and Mr. Younger always had. Mama wanted to buy a house in a predominantly white neighborhood b... Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun Essay -- essays research pap A Raisin in the SunThroughout the play, A Raisin in the Sun, the character Beneatha talks about finding her identity. The concept of assimilation becomes very important to the Younger family. Neither of the members of the Younger family wanted to assimilate into mainstream America, they just want to live comfortably. The Youngers are an African American family living on the south side of Chicago in the 1950s. They were living during an era where America was extremely racist towards blacks. The Younger family was made up of Mama, the backbone of the family, her daughter Beneatha, her son Walter, his wife Ruth, and his son Travis. They all lived in a small two-bedroom apartment where they had to share a bathroom in the hall with their neighbors and Travis slept on the couch.Mama and her family were about to receive a check for $10,000 from the deceased Mr. Youngers insurance policy. This money seemed like the answer to the familys prayers. Everyone seemed to have big dreams for the money. Mama wanted to buy a house, Walter wanted to invest the money into a liquor store, and Beneatha wanted to use the money for her medical school tuition. Ruth agreed with Mamas ideal of buying a house and she thought that the house would provide more space and opportunity for her son.Mama wanted to use the insurance money to buy a house. She finally had the chance to fulfill the dream that her and Mr. Younger always had. Mama wanted to buy a house in a predominantly white neighborhood b...

existentialism :: essays research papers

The modern conception of man is characterized, more than eachthing else, by individualism. Existentialism can be bewitchn as a rigorous fire to work out the implications of this individualism. The purpose of this lecture is to makes sense of the Existentialist conception of individuality and the answers it gives to these three questions (1) What is human freedom? What can the dogmatic freedom of absolute individuals concoct? (2) What is human flourishing or human happiness? What general ethic or way of life emerges when we wad our individuality seriously? (3) What ought we to do? What ethics or code of action can emerge from a position that takes our individuality seriously. Although I am sure you will want to take a critical look at the assumptions from which Existentialism arises in your seminars, I will be attempting, sympathetically, to see what follows if one takes these assumptions seriously.Lets begin by seeing what it could mean to say we are absolute individuals. When you think of it, each of us is alone in the world. Only we feel our pains, our pleasures, our hopes, and our fears immediately, subjectively, from the inside. Other people only see us from the outside, objectively, and, hard as we may try, we can only see them from the outside. No one else can feel what we feel, and we cannot feel what is going on in any one elses mind.Actually, when you think of it, the only thing we ever perceive immediately and directly is ourselves and the images and experiences in our mind. When we look at another person or object, we dont see it directly as it is we see it only as it is represented in our own experience. When you feel the tin under your rear-end, do you really feel the seat itself or do you merely feel the sensations transmitted to you by nerve endings in your posterior?. When you look at the person next to you (contemplating how their rear-end feels), do you really see them as they are on the inside or feel what they feel?

Who is the Living Christ of Mormonism? :: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Who is the Living Christ of Mormonism? In bearing testimony of Jesus Christ, President Hinckley intercommunicate of those outside the church service who say Latter-day Saints do not believe in the traditional Christ. No, I dont. The traditional Christ of whom they speak is not the Christ of whom I speak (LDS church News, week ending June 20, 1998, p.7). It is true that many of the Christian churches worship a different Jesus Christ than is worshipped by the Mormons or The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Seventy Bernard P. Brockbank, The Ensign, May 1977, p.26 ). Following one of our outreaches at the LDS Jesus the Christ pageant in Mesa, Arizona, I overheard a new Mormon girl complain to her friend how one of the Christians tracting the event had said that the Jesus of Mormonism was not the Jesus of the Bible. She was overtaken by much(prenominal) a statement, incredulous that such a comment could be made. How can that be? she said. There is only one Jesus It would seem reasonable that if the one to whom Mormons c every the Savior is in fact the Savior of Scripture, it should be easy to take what the Bible has to say about Jesus and then compare this with what Mormons leaders have said. Logic would quest that the two descriptions should par allel. However, this is where the problem lies. Mormon leaders have described their Jesus as a literal offspring of the one they call Elohim. The First establishment of the Church has written, God the Eternal Father, whom we designate by the exalted name-title Elohim, is the literal Parent of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, and of the spirits of the human race (Messages from the First government 526). According to the Encyclopedia of Mormonism (Vol.4, Appendix 4), Jesus Christ is not the Father of the spirits who have taken or yet shall take bodies upon this earth, for He is one of them. He is The Son, as they are sons and daughters of Elohim. Page 11 of the LDS Church manual Gospel Principles (p g. 11) states, All men and women are...literally sons and daughters of Deity. This includes the Mormon Jesus. Mormon theology makes a distinction between Elohim and Jehovah. LDS leaders have claimed that these are the names of two separate Gods. Sixth LDS President Joseph F. Smith stated, Among the spirit children of Elohim, the first-born was and is Jehovah, or Jesus Christ, to whom all others are juniors (Gospel Doctrine, p.Who is the Living Christ of Mormonism? Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day SaintsWho is the Living Christ of Mormonism? In bearing testimony of Jesus Christ, President Hinckley spoke of those outside the Church who say Latter-day Saints do not believe in the traditional Christ. No, I dont. The traditional Christ of whom they speak is not the Christ of whom I speak (LDS Church News, week ending June 20, 1998, p.7). It is true that many of the Christian churches worship a different Jesus Christ than is worshipped by the Mormons or The Church of Jesus Christ o f Latter-day Saints (LDS Seventy Bernard P. Brockbank, The Ensign, May 1977, p.26 ). Following one of our outreaches at the LDS Jesus the Christ pageant in Mesa, Arizona, I overheard a new Mormon girl complain to her friend how one of the Christians tracting the event had said that the Jesus of Mormonism was not the Jesus of the Bible. She was overtaken by such a statement, incredulous that such a comment could be made. How can that be? she said. There is only one Jesus It would seem reasonable that if the one to whom Mormons call the Savior is in fact the Savior of Scripture, it should be easy to take what the Bible has to say about Jesus and then compare this with what Mormons leaders have said. Logic would pauperization that the two descriptions should parallel. However, this is where the problem lies. Mormon leaders have described their Jesus as a literal offspring of the one they call Elohim. The First giving medication of the Church has written, God the Eternal Father, whom we designate by the exalted name-title Elohim, is the literal Parent of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, and of the spirits of the human race (Messages from the First establishment 526). According to the Encyclopedia of Mormonism (Vol.4, Appendix 4), Jesus Christ is not the Father of the spirits who have taken or yet shall take bodies upon this earth, for He is one of them. He is The Son, as they are sons and daughters of Elohim. Page 11 of the LDS Church manual Gospel Principles (pg. 11) states, All men and women are...literally sons and daughters of Deity. This includes the Mormon Jesus. Mormon theology makes a distinction between Elohim and Jehovah. LDS leaders have claimed that these are the names of two separate Gods. Sixth LDS President Joseph F. Smith stated, Among the spirit children of Elohim, the first-born was and is Jehovah, or Jesus Christ, to whom all others are juniors (Gospel Doctrine, p.

Free College Admissions Essays - MS Will Not Kill My Dream :: College Admissions Essays

MS Will Not Kill My Dream   My story with MS began on celestial latitude 4, 1999. I arrived at school  as usual that cold winter morning feeling pretty good, a little tired, but other flip ok. Upon parking my car and opening the door to get out my right arm went to sleep. I was totally blown away by it. How bizarre I thought to myself and just sat there a moment trying to figure out what possibly could be wrong with my arm.   The next two age brought no relief and if anything it seemed to be getting more intense. My WHOLE arm was asleep and I just couldnt understand it. I visited a chiropractor a duad of years later and she said I was dehyrdrated and that my nervous system was under attack. Little did I know   I became increasingly concerned as the days passed and just couldnt buy what every mavin was telling me, that I had a pinched nerve. I just knew it was something more and it was   I found a doctor about two weeks later and by that time my right hand wa s barely useable and the right side of my face, head and chest had also gone numb. I was stimulate to death   This doctor was wonderful and immediatly ran tests, sent me to a specialist, (neurologist) and spent hours with me examining me and trying to figure out just what could be wrong with me   MS never pass my mind. A nurse of over ten years I have taken care of only ONE MS patient, a lady in her 90s MS just didnt occur to me.   After several visits to the neurologist, MRI, spinal tap and a slew of blood work I was told that MS was VERY seeming the culprit. I was, to say the least, devastated by this news. I cried and cried and greived over this. It was with great fortune that a lady I worked with became extremly helpful to me during this time and prayed for me, listened to me and on more than one occasion, let me cry on her shoulder.   On March 4, 2000 I visited a MS specialist at Dartmouth Hitchcock Hospital in Lebanon N.H. and he made it formal that it was MS and immediatly started me on Avonex.   At this point I had researched the disease endlessly, somewhat come to terms with this awful fate and began to think more positively.

Free College Admissions Essays - MS Will Not Kill My Dream :: College Admissions Essays

MS Will Not Kill My Dream   My story with MS began on December 4, 1999. I arrived at naturalize  as usual that cold winter morning feeling pretty good, a little tired, but other wise ok. Upon parking my car and possible action the door to get out my right arm went to sleep. I was totally blown away by it. How bizarre I thought to myself and just sit there a moment trying to figure out what possibly could be wrong with my arm.   The next two days brought no relief and if anything it seemed to be getting more intense. My WHOLE arm was asleep and I just couldnt understand it. I visited a chiropractor a couple of days later and she state I was dehyrdrated and that my nervous system was under attack. Little did I know   I became increasingly concerned as the days passed and just couldnt buy what everyone was grave me, that I had a pinched nerve. I just knew it was something more and it was   I found a doctor about two weeks later and by that snip my right hand was barely useable and the right side of my face, head and chest had also gone numb. I was scared to death   This doctor was rattling(prenominal) and immediatly ran tests, sent me to a specialist, (neurologist) and spent hours with me examining me and trying to figure out just what could be wrong with me   MS never crossed my mind. A nurse of oer ten years I have taken care of only ONE MS patient, a lady in her 90s MS just didnt follow to me.   After several visits to the neurologist, MRI, spinal tap and a slew of blood work I was told that MS was VERY likely the culprit. I was, to say the least, devastated by this news. I cried and cried and greived over this. It was with great fortune that a lady I worked with became extremly helpful to me during this time and prayed for me, listened to me and on more than one occasion, let me cry on her shoulder.   On March 4, 2000 I visited a MS specialist at Dartmouth Hitchcock Hospital in Lebanon N.H. and he made it official th at it was MS and immediatly started me on Avonex.   At this point I had researched the disease endlessly, somewhat come to terms with this awful fate and began to think more positively.

Resistance of Change in Chinese Society in the Beginning of 20’s Century

Resistance of Change Ding torsks A Day, Lu Xuns A Madmans Diary, and Yu Dafus Sinking atomic number 18 all works that have been indite in the beat of a crucial change in China. Although the stories are fictional, the writers manage to reflect and correlate their characters to the current state of their homeland. Reading the listed works we see that its characters possess umpteen common traits such as suffering, humility, depression, and much love and patriotism for China. The authors use characters face-to-face difficulties, to illustrate how complex it is for China to abolish its conservative, deep-rooted, conventional ways for saucily ones.In The Diary of a Madman by Lu Xun, we see a character that is in a state of constant paranoia. He is considered to be a lunatic by his immediate society that is greatly influenced by old Chinese morals and traditions of imperialism and Confucianism. He believes that his social circle practices cannibalism and quite or later he will be eaten. On numerous occasions he questions the reasons behind this immoral practice which he believes is real. Although his actual perceptions of his surround might be erroneous in reality, we notice a valid metaphoric meaning in his view cannibalism as suppression of people.He doesnt check why people are not willing to give up their old customs of cannibalism. He claims that some who used to practice cannibalism in the old realized its immorality and stopped, yet most continue to live by old traditions. He argues immorality of old traditions should be exemplifying the west as a By illustrating this inability of social change the character demonstrates the society as one of great tradition. The characters desire for change illustrates the ultra terms that China was undergoing at the time.He wanted the Chinese society to abandon its traditional beliefs which were constraining their liberality. Order, discipline, and oppressive imperial traditions of their background influenced by Confucianism salutaryly shape their beliefs and habits, making it difficult to accept new modern principles. The character feels helpless while observing his societys challenge to change. Although we see the characters distress, his connection and love towards China is illustrated in his last words of the diary. Declaring to Save the Children, the character conveys his patriotic beliefs in times of agony.We see that regardless of social safeguard to change the characters hope of a give away future for China persists, illustrating the great patriotism that is integrated in Chinese society and culture. In Ding Lings story A Day, we in any case see a character whose emotional state correlates to her surrounding society. In the story, a young woman lives in a poor part of a metropolis city, under the jurisdiction of a few imperialist nations(12). She despises this split society, which is made of fat bellied capitalists and the pestiferous poor working class that labors for the fo rmer.Observing the miserable working class routinely occupied in their back-breaking tasks makes her feel downcast. She pities them and managees she could help them realize that they deserve a interrupt living. She thinks that if only she could influence those people, to open their eyes to a better future, she would improve their lives. She makes an strain to improve her maids way of thinking, trying to melt her gloom, besides soon feels anguished herself. When she considers peoples ignorant ways of thinking and their purely selfish desires she hopelessly gives up. The lives of those people are wretched and their minds are numbed, they are stripped of all hope and ideas as they eke out a living from one day to the next. She sees her society suffering in this meaningless universe of discourse and not being able to change. This resistance to change irritates her greatly. She realizes that the mentality of these people is degraded by imperialistic domination for many years and is difficult to abandon. Those resembling self degrading traits can also be detected in the character.Her immediate company that visits her daily takes advantage of her humbleness and overwhelms her with their sentiments regarding the ills of China. Her submissiveness restrains her desire to argue her gravel and take any measures. Depressed, she wants to isolate herself from everybody and sink in her daydream the only delight of her day. We see a reflecting relationship between society and the character. Society makes her depressed and she is hopeless of change. Dreaming about a better life, she is still not able to take any actions that would help her break done this cycle of misery.While in the past two stories, we see characters that were disturbed by difficulties of change in their societies, in Sinking by Yu Dafu the main character is troubled by his personal complexities. Various emotional problems such as loneliness, hatred, fear, sexual frustration, paranoia, and other self degrading traits lead him to a suicide. A Chinese native and a patriot, he is influenced by Chinese traditional morals and beliefs that suffocate his desire to acquaint to a new environment in Japan, where he attends school as a foreign student.Discipline and order induced in him by Confucianism of imperialistic China restrain his adaptation in this new liberal setting. We see that his relationship with his new society is hurting because of his long-established morality. He feels that his schoolmates reject him, but his paranoiac attitude and reserved appearance prevent him from making any friends. Failing to make an attempt to connect with the Japanese students, whom he considers his enemies, he loathes them even more. He is resentful that his beloved China is in time of chaos while Japan is golden and that distances him from his surroundings even more.He is sexually frustrated and unable to connect with girls. He tries to physically ease his frustration but feels sickened and co nsiders it to be immoral. Having been influenced by Confucian tradition, he constantly tries to discipline and improve himself, yet his attempts are always overwhelmed by new desires and beliefs. Influenced by western literature, he finds peace when he recites poetry written by romantic writers and spends his sole time appreciating nature. This aspiration of western culture and liberal thinking constantly competes with the previous morality of the character.His personal conditions and experiences represent, and are the do of, the undergoing struggles of Chinese society during the time of political chaos. After the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty, China did not have a real government. The society feels rejected, because other countries are not willing to step in and help establish a new administration. Although people anticipate a new liberal government, soon another emperor moth takes office. Moral and traditional philosophy infiltrated by Confucianism made the Chinese culture humble and fearful just like the characters personality.While manifesting many strong feelings of hate, sorrow, and frustration, the character is unable to take any measures to change his perceptions. In the end of the story the character commits suicide, stating O China, My China, you are the cause of my death I wish you could become rich and strong soon Many, many of your children are still suffering. We can see that regardless of all the struggles he went through, the character is a great patriot of his country, and while he does not see any hope for his own healing, his sorrow and death symbolizes his hope for his Country and future generations.Contradiction We see that the characters in all three stories have various emotional and psychological traits that reflect China in its time of turmoil. We also see that all characters ultimately show great patriotism towards their country. In order to understand the reasons behind those qualities we have to observe a number of factors from au thors perspective. Lu Xun, Yu Dafu, and Ding Ling were all authors that were greatly influenced by the revolutionary times in China and their stories illustrate, in part, their own feelings towards their society.The overthrow of the emperor, in the beginning of twenties century brought a new tramp of change. People started to believe that new times are about to form. Western culture and political approach started to inspire people to believe that a better future is around the corner. The characters in our stories help us better to understand the circumstances and the condition of Chinese society in those crucial times. At kickoff we observe Lu Xuns A Diary of a Madman in which we see a man that is perceived as a madman by his society.Although in the story it might be so, we can identify a certain metaphor that symbolizes the characters wisdom. While cannibalism was actually just in some instances in Imperial China, Lu Xun drew a picture that resembled the old imperialistic China that suppressed its society, eating their liberty. Imperialism vanished by the time all three stories have been written, yet society is still unable to change their old mentality. This resistance to change because of old settled-in traditions can also be seen in both A Day and Sinking.And yet Ding Ling, similar to Lu Xun, in her story portrays mainly the difficulties of social change, Yu Dafu illustrates them on an individual that is also infected with old traditions overpowering his wish for change. Society formulates individuals that in turn makeup the former. The relationship between them is inevitable. It appears that all authors conveyed their personal outlook of their society through their stories. Resistance to change might have been the most difficult obstacle China had to overcome for a better tomorrow, and the offered stories showed us the disturbances of individuals in relation to their society.

National Commission on Industrial Relations

INDUSTRIAL RELATION & trade union movement LAWS Assignment Topic National commission on Industrial Relation Recommendation Submitted by J. Mary pull a face MBA-Final Year NATIONAL COMMISSION ON INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS The first National grate Commission 1929, had promised lot in the direction of sociable security, social welfare, rents, social insurance, industrial dealings, industrial adjudication, collective bargaining etc,. In sequel to the recommendations made in the report of the first national commission on grok series of churn enactments were passed.After the gap of almost 72 years the Second National Labour Commission has been constituted and submitted its report in the year 2002 to the governing of India. At the outset the price of reference to the commission are as under 1. To kindle rationalization of existing legal philosophys relating to labour in the organised sector, 2. To suggest an umbrella legislation for ensuring a stripped-down level of protection to the workers in the unorganized sector.Methodology Before penning mint the report, the Commission followed the following methodology * set up consultation / conferences in the major cities of India to get the opinion of the Industry, public, educationalists and so on institutions * circulated a questionnaire across the industry and the society in terms of the reference * surveys conducted both in organised and unorganised sector General Recommendations 1.We recommend that the Central Government and the State Government should sustain a uniform policy on holidays, whole 3 national holidays be gazetted namely Independence Day, Republic Day and Gandhi Jayanti Day, two more days whitethorn be added to be stubborn by each State according to its own tradition and apart from these each person essential be tot all(prenominal)yowed to avail of 10 restricted holidays in the year, Government holidays should be delinked from holidays under the Negotiable Instruments Act. (5. 29) 2. Flexibili ty in the hours of work per week and compensation for over while. 5. 32) 3. Attempt to change the basis of tenure in all jobs (permanent as well as non-permanent) to contractual and for stipulated periods, involves a basic change in attitude and notion. If transforming the basis of all employment is a social unavoidableness because it has become economic necessity for industrial and commercial enterprises, then, it is equally necessary to create social acceptability for the change and the social institutions that can take bring off of the consequences. (5. 34 35).The fundamental change of this type has to be preceded by i) evolution of socially accepted consensus on the new perceptional jobs ii) the evolution of a system of perpetual up-gradation of employability through training in a wide spectrum of multiple skills iii) the setting up of a system of social security that includes unemployment insurance and alimentation for medical facilities and iv) the institution of a mand atory system of two contracts one, an individual contract and two, a collective contract with workers union. . The commission recommends that government may laid down list of highly paid jobs who are presently deemed as workman category as being remote the purview of the laws relating to workman and included in the proposed law for protection of non-workmen. An new(prenominal) alternative is that the Govt. fix a cut off limit of remuneration which is substantially high enough, in the present stage setting such as Rs. 25,000/- p. m. beyond which employee give not be treated as ordinary workman. 6. 19) wage ceiling of Rs. 25000/- 5. Further the Commission recommended that it would be logically to keep all the supervisory personnel, irrespective of their wages / salary, outside the rank of worker and keep them out of the purview of labour law meant for workers. whole such supervisory category of employees should be clubbed along with the category of persons who discharge manageri al and administrative functions.The Commission would also recommend that such a modify definition of worker could be adopted in all the labour laws. We expect management to take care of the interest of supervisory staff as they will now be part of managerial fraternity. (6. 20) Modified definition of worker 6. Existing set of labour laws should be broadly grouped into quadruplet or five groups of laws pertaining to * Industrial relations * Wages * Social security * Safety * Welfare and working conditions and so on 7.The Commission is of the view that the insurance coverage as well as the definition of the term worker should be the same in all Group of laws subject to the stipulation that social security benefits must be available to all employees including administrative, managerial, supervisory and opposite excluded from the category of workmen and some others not treated as workmen or excluded from the category of workmen I. APPROACHES IN DRAFTING THE LAW ON LABOUR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS Firstly, the Commission would prefer the gender neutral expression worker instead of the currently used word workman.Secondly, the law will harbour uniformly to all such establishments. Thirdly, we recognize that today the extent of unionization is low and even this low level is being eroded, and that it is time that the stand was change and collective negotiations encouraged. Where agreements and understanding between two parties is not possible, there, recourse to the assistance of a third party should as far as possible be through arbitration or where adjudication is the preferred mode, through Labour Courts and Labour Relations Commissions of the type be proposed later in this regard and not political intervention.A crashment entered into with recognised negotiating agent must be binding on all workers. Fourthly, we consider that provisions must be made in the law for determining negotiating agents, particularly on behalf of workers. Fifthly, the law must provide for authorities to identify the negotiating agent, to adjudicate disputes and so on, and these must be provided in the shape of labour courts and labour relations Commissions at the State, Central and National levels.Sixthly, The Commission is of the view that changes in labour laws be accompanied by a well delimit social secuirty package that will benefit all workers, be they in organised or unorganised sector and should also cover those in the administrative, managerial and other categories which have been excluded from the purview of the term worker. II. INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND TRADE UNIONS 1. It is necessary to provide minimum level of protection to managerial and other (excluded) employees too against unfair expelling or removal.This has to be through adjudication by Labour court or Labour Relations Commission or arbitration. (6. 22) 2. Central laws relating to the subject of labour relations are currently the ID Act, 1947, The TU Act, 1926, Industrial Employment (SO) Act, 1 946, Sales Promotion Employees (Conditions of Service) Act, 1976. There are State level legislation too on the subject. We recommend that the provisions of all these laws be judiciously consolidated into a single law called The Labour Management Relations Law or Law on Labour Management Relations. (6. 26) 3.Recommend the enactment of special law for small scale units. We have come to the conclusion that the reasonable threshold limit will be 19 workers. Any establishment with workers above that number cannot be regarded as small. (6. 28) 4. The commission has avoided the term Industry with a view that the persons lodge ind in domestic assistant are better covered under the proposed type of umbrella legislation, particularly in regard to wages, hours of work, working conditions, safety and social security. (6. 40) 5. Modification in the terms like strikes, work stoppage etc. nd the terms go slow and work to rule must be regarded as misconduct under stand Orders and Provisions rel ating to unfair labour practice. (6. 41) 6. Commission has recommended to the withdrawal of Essential Services Maintenance Act (6. 49). 7. The Commission has suggested to identify a bargaining agent on the basis of check-off system, with 66% entitling the Union to be accepted as a single negotating agent and if no union has 66% buy at, then Unions that have the support of more than 25% should be given proportionate representation on the college. (6. 6) 8. Check-off system in an establishment employing 300 or more workers must be made compulsory for members of all registered trade unions. (6. 73) 9. Commission also recommended that recognition once granted, should be valid for a period of 4 years to be co-terminus with the period of settlement. No claim by any other Trade Union / Federation / Center for recognition should be entertain till at least 4 years have elapsed from the date of earlier recognition. (6. 76) 10. Establishment employing 20 or more workers should have Standing O rder or Regulations.There is no gather up to delimit the issues on which Standing Orders can or need be framed. As long as two parties agree all manner of things including multi-skilling, production, job enrichment, productivity and so on can also be added. The captivate Government may prescribe a separate instance Standing Orders for units employing less than 50 workers. The Commission has drafted a draft Model Standing Orders in this regard. (6. 77). 11. Every establishment shall establish a grievance redressal delegacy consisting of equal number of workers and employers representatives.The said committee be the body to which all grievance of a worker in respect of his employment will be referred for decision within a given time frame (6. 80). 12. Commissions view on Chapter V B (Special Provisions relating to Lay-off, Retrenchment & Closure in the Establishments employing not less than 100 workmen) of the ID Act The Commission has felt that, in the new circumstances of globa l competition, it may not be possible for some enterprises to go by and meet the economic consequences of competition.In such cases, one cannot compel non-viable undertakings to continue to bear the financial burden that has to be borne to keep the concern going. They should, therefore, have the option to resolve down. In these circumstances, the commission came to the conclusion the best and more honest equitable course will be to allow closure, provide for adequate compensation to workers and in the event of an appeal, leave it to the Labour Relations Commission to find ways of redressal through arbitration or adjudication. 6. 87). 13. The commission has recommended for maintenance of panel of arbitrators by the LRC concern, to settle the disputes. (6. 93). 14. The matters pertaining to individual workers, be it termination of employment or transfer or any other matter be determined by recourse to the Grievence Redressal Committee, conciliation and arbitration / adjudication b y the Labour Court. Accordingly, Sec. 2 a of the ID Act may be amended. 6. 96) 15. The system of legal aid to workers and trade unions from Public Fund be worked out to encounter that workers and their organisations are not unduly handicapped as a result of their inability to hire legal counsel. (6. 98) 16. Strike should be called only by the recognised negotiating agent and that too only after it had conducted a strike ballot among all the workers, of whom at least 51% of support the strike. (6. 101). 7 Workers participation in management the legislative teeth should be provided. (6. 102). 18. The provisions in respect of small establishments can be in the form of a separate law name Small Enterprises (Employment Relations Act) or be included in the habitual law as a separate chapter to ensure that the interest of the workers are fully protected, even while lessening burden on the management and providing them with vigilance in exercising managerial functions. 6. 106) III. CONTR ACT LABOUR/CASUAL TEMPORARY WORKERS The Commission has recommended that contract labour shall not be engaged for core production / service activities. However, for sporadic seasonal demand, the employer may engage temporary labour for core production / service activity. As mentioned by the commission that off-loading perennial non-core services like canteen, watch and ward, cleaning, etc. o other employing agencies has to take care of three aspects (1) there have to be provisions that ensure that ensure that perennial core services are not transferred to other agencies or establishments (2) where such services are being performed by employees on the payrolls of the enterprises, no transfer to other agencies should be done without consulting, bargaining (negotiating) agents and (3) where the transfer of such services do not involve any employee who is currently in service of the enterprise, the management will be free to entrust the service to outside agencies.The contract labour wi ll, however, be remunerated at the rate of a regular worker engaged in the same organisation doing work of a comparable with(predicate) nature or if such workers does not exist in the organisation, at the lowest salary of a worker in a comparable grade, i. e. unskilled, semi-skilled or skilled. (6. 109). The Commission would recommend that no worker should be kept continuously as a Casual or temporary worker against a permanent job for more than 2 years. (6. 110) IV. WAGES i) The Commission recommends that every employer must pay each worker his one-months wage, as bonus before an appropriate festival, be it Diwali or Onam or Puja or Ramzan or Christmas. Any demand for bonus in excess of this upto a maximum of 20% of the wages will be subject to negotiation. The Commission also recommend that the present system of two wage ceilings for reckoning entitlement and for calculation of bonus should be suitably intensify to Rs. 7500/- and Rs. 3500/- for entitlement and calculation respec tively. (6. 113). ii) There should be a national minimum wage that the Central Government may notify. This minimum must be revised from time to time. It should, in addition, have a component of dearness allowance to be declared six monthly linked to the consumer price index and the minimum wage may be revised once in five years. The Commission also recommends the abolition of the present system of notifying scheduled employments and of fixing/revising the minimum rates of wages periodically for each scheduled employment, since it feels that all workers in all employments should have the benefit of a minimum wage. 6. 114) (iii) There is no need for any wage board, statutory or otherwise, for fixing wage rates for workers in any industry. (6. 118). V. WORKING CONDITIONS, SERVICE CONDITIONS ETC The Commission recommended enactment of a general law relating to hours of work, leave and working conditions, at the work place. For ensuring safety at the work place and in different activitie s, one omnibus law may be enacted, providing for different rules and regulations on safety applicable to different activities. The Commission have appended a draft indicative law on hours of work and other working conditions after this chapter, and an omnibus draft indicative law on safety in the chapter on Labour Administration). Such general law on working conditions etc OTHERRECOMMENDATIONS * Recommendations on women & child labour * Recommendations on skill development * Labour Administration * Workers participation in management * Employment scenario in the country * Review of wages and wage policy

Natural Resources

inherent re root system instinctive resources (economically referred to as stain or raw squargons) atomic number 18 inbornly solveing substances that argon considered valu qualified in their relatively unmodified ( internal) form. A natural resources cheer rests in the enumerate and extractability of the material addressable and the acquire for it. The latter(prenominal) is de enclosureined by its go forfulness to production. A commodity is generally considered a natural resource when the primary activities associated with it are rootage and purification, as opposed to creation.Thus, mining, petroleum extraction, leaning, hunting, and forestry are generally considered natural-resource industries, while agriculture is non. The term was introduced to a broad audience by E. F. Schumacher in his 1973 book subaltern is Beautiful. 1 The term is defined by the United States Geological Survey as The Nations natural resources involve its minerals, energy, drop, water, and b iota. 2 Classification of natural forms Natural resources are mostly classified ad into renewable and non-renewable resources. few clips resources are classified as non-renewable even if they are technically renewable, just not easily renewed within a reasonable amount of era, much(prenominal) as fossil fuels. Non-renewable resources Main article Non-renewable resource Some non-renewable resources can be renewable but take an extremely ample time to renew. fogey fuels, for example, take millions of years to form and so are not practically considered renewable. Different non-renewable resources equal petroleum, scorch, natural gas etc. piddle incompatible levels of rent from different sectors corresponding transportation and residences with each resource specializing for each sector. 3 some(prenominal) environmentalists propose a tax on consumption of non renewable resources. Non-renewable resources cannot be tackd or can only be replaced over thousands or millions of y ears. Natural large(p) Natural resources are natural crown converted to commodity inputs to infrastructural capital processes. 45 They include soil, timber, oil, minerals, and other goods harvested from the Earth. Both extraction of the basic resource and refining it into a purer, directly usable form, (e. g. , metals, refined oils) are generally considered natural-resource activities, even though the latter may not necessarily occur near the former.This process generates high profits due to the high demand for the natural resources and the energies that they are able to generate. A nations natural resources often determine its wealth in the world economic system and its diplomatic, military, and political influence. Developed nations are those which are less myrmecophilous on natural resources for wealth, due to their greater reliance on infrastructural capital for production. However, some see a resource curse whereby easily obtainable natural resources could genuinely hurt th e prospects of a national economy by fostering political corruption.Political corruption can negatively impact the national economy because time is worn-out(a) giving bribes or other economically unproductive acts instead of the generation of generative economic activity. This has been seen over the years with legislation passed to appease companies who pull up stakes benefit. in that respect too tends to be concentrations of ownership over specialised p droves of land that set out proven to yield natural resources. In recent years, the depletion of natural capital and attempts to bear to sustainable development have been a major focus of development agencies.This is of particular concern in rainforest regions, which hold most of the Earths natural biodiversity unexpendable genetic natural capital. Conservation of natural resources is the major focus of natural capitalism, environmentalism, the ecology movement, and green politics. Some view this depletion as a major sourc e of social unrest and conflicts in developing nations. Types of resources Natural Resources Natural resources are derived from the environment. Many of them are essential for our survival while others are employ for satisfying our wants.Natural resources may be further classified in different ways. On the basis of origin, resources may be divided into Biotic Biotic resources are the ones which are obtained from the biosphere. Forests and their products, animals, birds and their products, fish and other marine organisms are Copernican examples. Minerals such(prenominal) as coal and petroleum are as well as included in this family because they were organize from decayed organic matter. Abiotic Abiotic resources comprise of non-living things. Examples include land, water, air and minerals such as gold, iron, copper, silver etc.On the basis of the stage of development, natural resources may be cal take effectiveness Resources possible resources are those which exist in a region and may be apply in the future. For example, mineral oil may exist in galore(postnominal) parts of India having sedimentary rocks but till the time it is factually drilled out and put into use, it remains a potential resource. Actual Resources are those which have been surveyed, their quantity and quality determined and are being apply in present times. For example, the petroleum and the natural gas which is obtained from the Bombay High Fields.The development of an actual resource, such as wood bear upon depends upon the engineering science procurable and the cost involved. That part of the actual resource which can be developed profitably with available technology is called a reserve. On the basis of renewability, natural resources can be categorized into Renewable Resources Renewable resources are the ones which can be replenished or reproduced easily. Some of them, homogeneous sunlight, air, wind, etc. , are continuously available and their quantity is not affe cted by kind-hearted consumption.Many renewable resources can be depleted by human use, but may besides be replenished, thus maintaining a cling. Some of these, like agricultural crops, take a short time for alternate others, like water, take a comparatively longer time, while still others, like forests, take even longer. Non-renewable Resources Non-renewable resources are formed over very long geologic periods. Minerals and fossils are included in this category. Since their rate of formation is extremely slow, they cannot be replenished once they get depleted. Out of these, the metallic minerals can be re-used by cycle them.But coal and petroleum cannot be recycled. On the basis of ownership,resources can be classified intoindividual,community,national,and international Individual resources Human resources Human beings are in any case considered to be resources because they have the ability to change raw materials into valuable resources. The term Human resources can also b e defined as the skills, energies, talents, abilities and knowledge that are used for the production of goods or the rendering of services. While taking into account human beings as resources, the following things have to be kept in sense The surface of the population The capabilities of the individuals in that population Resource use and sustainable development Many resources cannot be consumed in their original form. They have to be urbane in order to change them into more usable commodities. This is known as resource development. With the rise in human numbers all over the world, the demand for resources has also increased. However, there is a difference in distribution of resources to different regions or countries. Developed countries use more resources than developing countries. The rising demand match with the over-consumption of resources has led to several problems Resource depletion Accumulation of resources in the hands of a few Environmental degradation Tragedy o f the commons Resource curse Uses of our Natural Resources gem and mineral resources have a large-minded revolution of uses and play a huge role in our lives The Mineral Information Institute has a government note showing how much of a variety of minerals each person uses in his or her life-timetime. Minerals are important to our health. We need small amounts of a wide variety of minerals. Minerals found in Tennessee which people need include calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, copper, fluoride, iron, and zinc.Coal, oil and natural gas provide us with almost all of the energy we use to light, rut and run our world. Minerals are ingredients in almost all of the products we use from fertiliser to plastics, from toothpaste to kitty litter, from knives to plates. Minerals are common ingredients in hues. In fact, some of the earlier uses of minerals were as pigments. Minerals also play an important role in the processing of materials. Bentonite is important in well drilling, Barite is i mportant in oil drilling. fluor is important in making steel Resource How are our resources used? characteristics exploited) Barite apply in oil drilling to weigh down the oil and foresee gushers (high specific gravity), conveyer in paint, glass, toothpaste. Chert Used to shop pit tools. (hardness, fracture patterns). Used as fill to provide a stable lower-ranking for roadstead (insolubility) Clay Used to energise pottery and bricks.Used for pet litter (ability to absorb water) Chalcopyrite (copper)Copper is used to make electrical wiring (electrical conductivity). Used in alloys bronze and brass (low melting point, beauty, resistance to oxidation) Used as an ingredient in pigments (blue and green) Coal Used as a fuel (flammable). The oils and tars produced processing coal are processed into a variety of organic solvents and compounds such as plastics, motor fuel, photo developer, perfume, medicine, and sugar substitute. fluorspar Used as a desegregate i. e . used as an intermediate chemical to separate metals from waste material. Another important product made from fluorite is hydrofluoric acid, which is used in the pottery, optics, and plastics industry. Fluorite is also used in making opalescent glass and in enameling cookware. Galena (lead) The largest use of lead is in automotive batteries. It is also used as weights (high specific gravity).Used as an ingredient in solder (soft, low melting point. ). Until recently it was also used as an ingredient in paint and as an one-dimensional in gasoline to make engines run more smoothly. Gypsum Gypsum is primarily used to make wallboard. It is also an ingredient in cement. Ilmenite (titanium) Titanium is used in alloys to make pissed light-weight materials space ships, bicycles Used to make white paint - non-toxic replacement for lead, which used to be used for this purpose. low reactivity) Iron Iron is used for tools, for appliances, for mental synthesis supports. It is al so used as a pigment (red and ochre) Limestone Limestone is used as mental synthesis stone, for ornamental stone for surfaces and sculpture, to make cement and mortar, as crushed stone for fill Mussel Shells Mussel shells were used as ceremonial objects.European Americans have used shells as ornaments buttons and pearls for jewelry. Oil/Natural Gas Oil and natural gas are used as fuels and ingredients in the chemical industry to produce petroleum based products notably plastics. Phosphate Phosphate is used as a fertilizer and to make phosphorous acid which is a major ingredient in food products such as cola drinks. Saltpeter Saltpeter was used as a fertilizer (source of nitrogen) and as an ingredient in gunpowder.It has now been replaced by the related compound ammonium nitrate which can be manufactured in the laboratory. good sense & fuck off Sand and gravel are used as fill to provide a stable foundation for buildings and roads. Sandstone Sandstone is used as a building material. zinc blende (zinc) Zinc is used as an ingredient in brass (with copper). It is used to coat (galvanize) iron implements to protect them from rusting.It is used as a pigment (white) Natural resources are raw materials we use to make other products. These include trees, minerals, aquatic life, gravel, coal, and many others. How can subscriber linees remove these resources from an area and still maintain a working(a) landscape? Responsible businesses know that they can make cash producing products or gathering natural resources while they minimize the damage to their surroundings. Take a brass at some products and possible damage from forestry, mining, and aquaculture.Forestry The forest industry is made up of businesses involved in the growing and harvesting of trees and other adjust life from forests. Products Damages wood products They provide lumber or timber for clear discountting Removing a large block of trees exposes ground, which is building houses, boats, decks, and vulnerable to soil erosion. furniture. paper They realise take out to make paper and log jams Over cutting may solvent in logs piling up and blocking paper products. the natural flow of water. Christmas trees They grow, cut, and interchange Christmas lost recreational Forest landscapes are degraded. Who wants to visit a trees. value forest with no trees, or a river clogged with trees? beautify They effectuate our landscaping needs lost renewable New trees may not be planted. Forests are not renewable with trees and plants. resource resources unless trees are planted to replace the trees cut down. This also displaces wildlife. MiningMining is the process or business of removing ore, soil, rock, and minerals from the ground or from mountains. Products Damages Coins Historically and currently used as Reclamation money. Reclamation inwardness restoring land that has been altered.Mining pits must be reclaimed after mining operati ons cease. Poor mining practices can destroy the environment and cost taxpayers a lot of money in clean-up. Habitat destruction Animal habitats are destroyed and biodiversity is compromised. Pollution Mining by-products, called tailings, can pollute our air and water. Gold/Silver Standards trance the value of currency. Fossil Fuels Provide fuel by burning. Nutrition Minerals are often used in vitamins. Building Materials Provide materials used in expression like aluminum and concrete. Jewelry Gold, silver, diamonds and other precious stones provide material for jewelry. Gravel Gravel is used to build roads and is mixed into cement to form concrete. Aquaculture Aquaculture is the business of raising marine or freshwater fish or shellfish under controlled conditions. Products Damages Oyster Netpens Areas of waterways that are lined off by nets these result in large quantities of waste (just like other forms of intensive animal produc tion). Aquaculture Waste Processing wastes are often released directly into natural bodies of water. Protein Many fish are carnivorousthey eat meat. The food provided in fish farms may not contain meat protein. The fish who eat this food do not possess the same amount of protein as their natural counterparts. This can result in a less healthy fish. Mangroves Fishing operations (shrimp farms in particular) have damaged mangrovestrees and shrubs forming buffering boundaries between land and saltwater environments. (This is an important ecosystem along coastlines. Clams Shrimp Lobster Salmon Trout Natural ResourcesNatural resource Natural resources (economically referred to as land or raw materials) are naturally forming substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified (natural) form. A natural resources value rests in the amount and extractability of the material available and the demand for it. The latter is d etermined by its usefulness to production. A commodity is generally considered a natural resource when the primary activities associated with it are extraction and purification, as opposed to creation.Thus, mining, petroleum extraction, fishing, hunting, and forestry are generally considered natural-resource industries, while agriculture is not. The term was introduced to a broad audience by E. F. Schumacher in his 1973 book Small is Beautiful. 1 The term is defined by the United States Geological Survey as The Nations natural resources include its minerals, energy, land, water, and biota. 2 Classification of natural forms Natural resources are mostly classified into renewable and non-renewable resources.Sometimes resources are classified as non-renewable even if they are technically renewable, just not easily renewed within a reasonable amount of time, such as fossil fuels. Non-renewable resources Main article Non-renewable resource Some non-renewable resources can be renewable b ut take an extremely long time to renew. Fossil fuels, for example, take millions of years to form and so are not practically considered renewable. Different non-renewable resources like oil, coal, natural gas etc. have different levels of demand from different sectors like transportation and residences with each resource specializing for each sector. 3 Many environmentalists propose a tax on consumption of non renewable resources. Non-renewable resources cannot be replaced or can only be replaced over thousands or millions of years. Natural capital Natural resources are natural capital converted to commodity inputs to infrastructural capital processes. 45 They include soil, timber, oil, minerals, and other goods harvested from the Earth. Both extraction of the basic resource and refining it into a purer, directly usable form, (e. g. , metals, refined oils) are generally considered natural-resource activities, even though the latter may not necessarily occur near the former.This pro cess generates high profits due to the high demand for the natural resources and the energies that they are able to generate. A nations natural resources often determine its wealth in the world economic system and its diplomatic, military, and political influence. Developed nations are those which are less dependent on natural resources for wealth, due to their greater reliance on infrastructural capital for production. However, some see a resource curse whereby easily obtainable natural resources could actually hurt the prospects of a national economy by fostering political corruption.Political corruption can negatively impact the national economy because time is spent giving bribes or other economically unproductive acts instead of the generation of generative economic activity. This has been seen over the years with legislation passed to appease companies who will benefit. There also tends to be concentrations of ownership over specific plots of land that have proven to yield nat ural resources. In recent years, the depletion of natural capital and attempts to move to sustainable development have been a major focus of development agencies.This is of particular concern in rainforest regions, which hold most of the Earths natural biodiversity irreplaceable genetic natural capital. Conservation of natural resources is the major focus of natural capitalism, environmentalism, the ecology movement, and green politics. Some view this depletion as a major source of social unrest and conflicts in developing nations. Types of resources Natural Resources Natural resources are derived from the environment. Many of them are essential for our survival while others are used for satisfying our wants.Natural resources may be further classified in different ways. On the basis of origin, resources may be divided into Biotic Biotic resources are the ones which are obtained from the biosphere. Forests and their products, animals, birds and their products, fish and other marin e organisms are important examples. Minerals such as coal and petroleum are also included in this category because they were formed from decayed organic matter. Abiotic Abiotic resources comprise of non-living things. Examples include land, water, air and minerals such as gold, iron, copper, silver etc.On the basis of the stage of development, natural resources may be called Potential Resources Potential resources are those which exist in a region and may be used in the future. For example, mineral oil may exist in many parts of India having sedimentary rocks but till the time it is actually drilled out and put into use, it remains a potential resource. Actual Resources are those which have been surveyed, their quantity and quality determined and are being used in present times. For example, the petroleum and the natural gas which is obtained from the Bombay High Fields.The development of an actual resource, such as wood processing depends upon the technology available and the cost involved. That part of the actual resource which can be developed profitably with available technology is called a reserve. On the basis of renewability, natural resources can be categorized into Renewable Resources Renewable resources are the ones which can be replenished or reproduced easily. Some of them, like sunlight, air, wind, etc. , are continuously available and their quantity is not affected by human consumption.Many renewable resources can be depleted by human use, but may also be replenished, thus maintaining a flow. Some of these, like agricultural crops, take a short time for renewal others, like water, take a comparatively longer time, while still others, like forests, take even longer. Non-renewable Resources Non-renewable resources are formed over very long geological periods. Minerals and fossils are included in this category. Since their rate of formation is extremely slow, they cannot be replenished once they get depleted. Out of these, the metallic mine rals can be re-used by recycling them.But coal and petroleum cannot be recycled. On the basis of ownership,resources can be classified intoindividual,community,national,and international Individual resources Human resources Human beings are also considered to be resources because they have the ability to change raw materials into valuable resources. The term Human resources can also be defined as the skills, energies, talents, abilities and knowledge that are used for the production of goods or the rendering of services. While taking into account human beings as resources, the following things have to be kept in mind The size of the population The capabilities of the individuals in that population Resource use and sustainable development Many resources cannot be consumed in their original form. They have to be processed in order to change them into more usable commodities. This is known as resource development. With the rise in human numbers all over the world, the demand for resou rces has also increased. However, there is a difference in distribution of resources to different regions or countries. Developed countries use more resources than developing countries. The rising demand coupled with the over-consumption of resources has led to several problems Resource depletion Accumulation of resources in the hands of a few Environmental degradation Tragedy of the commons Resource curse Uses of our Natural Resources Rock and mineral resources have a wide variety of uses and play a huge role in our lives The Mineral Information Institute has a poster showing how much of a variety of minerals each person uses in his or her lifetime. Minerals are important to our health. We need small amounts of a wide variety of minerals. Minerals found in Tennessee which people need include calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, copper, fluoride, iron, and zinc.Coal, oil and natural gas provide us with almost all of the energy we use to light, heat and run our world. Minerals are ingred ients in almost all of the products we use from fertilizer to plastics, from toothpaste to kitty litter, from knives to plates. Minerals are common ingredients in pigments. In fact, some of the earliest uses of minerals were as pigments. Minerals also play an important role in the processing of materials. Bentonite is important in well drilling, Barite is important in oil drilling. Fluorite is important in making steel Resource How are our resources used? characteristics exploited) Barite Used in oil drilling to weigh down the oil and prevent gushers (high specific gravity), filler in paint, glass, toothpaste. Chert Used to make stone tools. (hardness, fracture patterns). Used as fill to provide a stable base for roads (insolubility) Clay Used to make pottery and bricks.Used for pet litter (ability to absorb water) Chalcopyrite (copper)Copper is used to make electrical wiring (electrical conductivity). Used in alloys bronze and brass (low melting point, beauty, resistan ce to oxidation) Used as an ingredient in pigments (blue and green) Coal Used as a fuel (flammable). The oils and tars produced processing coal are processed into a variety of organic solvents and compounds such as plastics, motor fuel, photo developer, perfume, medicine, and sugar substitute. Fluorite Used as a flux i. e. used as an intermediate chemical to separate metals from waste material. Another important product made from fluorite is hydrofluoric acid, which is used in the pottery, optics, and plastics industry. Fluorite is also used in making opalescent glass and in enameling cookware. Galena (lead) The largest use of lead is in automotive batteries. It is also used as weights (high specific gravity).Used as an ingredient in solder (soft, low melting point. ). Until recently it was also used as an ingredient in paint and as an additive in gasoline to make engines run more smoothly. Gypsum Gypsum is primarily used to make wallboard. It is also an ingredient in c ement. Ilmenite (titanium) Titanium is used in alloys to make strong light-weight materials space ships, bicycles Used to make white paint - non-toxic replacement for lead, which used to be used for this purpose. low reactivity) Iron Iron is used for tools, for appliances, for building supports. It is also used as a pigment (red and ochre) Limestone Limestone is used as building stone, for ornamental stone for surfaces and sculpture, to make cement and mortar, as crushed stone for fill Mussel Shells Mussel shells were used as ceremonial objects.European Americans have used shells as ornaments buttons and pearls for jewelry. Oil/Natural Gas Oil and natural gas are used as fuels and ingredients in the chemical industry to produce petroleum based products notably plastics. Phosphate Phosphate is used as a fertilizer and to make phosphoric acid which is a major ingredient in food products such as cola drinks. Saltpeter Saltpeter was used as a fertilizer (source of nitr ogen) and as an ingredient in gunpowder.It has now been replaced by the related compound ammonium nitrate which can be manufactured in the laboratory. Sand & Gravel Sand and gravel are used as fill to provide a stable foundation for buildings and roads. Sandstone Sandstone is used as a building material. Sphalerite (zinc) Zinc is used as an ingredient in brass (with copper). It is used to coat (galvanize) iron implements to protect them from rusting.It is used as a pigment (white) Natural resources are raw materials we use to make other products. These include trees, minerals, aquatic life, gravel, coal, and many others. How can businesses remove these resources from an area and still maintain a working landscape? Responsible businesses know that they can make money producing products or gathering natural resources while they minimize the damage to their surroundings. Take a look at some products and possible damage from forestry, mining, and aquaculture.Forestry The forest industry is made up of businesses involved in the growing and harvesting of trees and other plant life from forests. Products Damages wood products They provide lumber or timber for clearcutting Removing a large block of trees exposes ground, which is building houses, boats, decks, and vulnerable to soil erosion. furniture. paper They create pulp to make paper and log jams Over cutting may result in logs piling up and blocking paper products. the natural flow of water. Christmas trees They grow, cut, and sell Christmas lost recreational Forest landscapes are degraded. Who wants to visit a trees. value forest with no trees, or a river clogged with trees? landscaping They fulfill our landscaping needs lost renewable New trees may not be planted. Forests are not renewable with trees and plants. resource resources unless trees are planted to replace the trees cut down. This also displaces wildlife. MiningMining is the process or business of removing ore, soil, roc k, and minerals from the ground or from mountains. Products Damages Coins Historically and currently used as Reclamation money. Reclamation means restoring land that has been altered.Mining pits must be reclaimed after mining operations cease. Poor mining practices can destroy the environment and cost taxpayers a lot of money in clean-up. Habitat destruction Animal habitats are destroyed and biodiversity is compromised. Pollution Mining by-products, called tailings, can pollute our air and water. Gold/Silver StandardsInfluence the value of currency. Fossil Fuels Provide fuel by burning. Nutrition Minerals are often used in vitamins. Building Materials Provide materials used in construction like aluminum and concrete. Jewelry Gold, silver, diamonds and other precious stones provide material for jewelry. Gravel Gravel is used to build roads and is mixed into cement to form concrete. Aquaculture Aquaculture is the business of raising marine or freshwater fish or shellfish under controlled conditions. Products Damages Oyster Netpens Areas of waterways that are lined off by nets these result in large quantities of waste (just like other forms of intensive animal production). Aquaculture Waste Processing wastes are often released directly into natural bodies of water. Protein Many fish are carnivorousthey eat meat. The food provided in fish farms may not contain meat protein. The fish who eat this food do not possess the same amount of protein as their natural counterparts. This can result in a less healthy fish. Mangroves Fishing operations (shrimp farms in particular) have damaged mangrovestrees and shrubs forming buffering boundaries between land and saltwater environments. (This is an important ecosystem along coastlines. Clams Shrimp Lobster Salmon Trout

President Andrew Jackson Vetoes Bank Bill

Ernesto Hernandez Rodriguez Deacon Orr Economics October 9, 2012 President Andrew capital of Mississippi Vetoes Bank BillJuly 10, 1832 President Andrew Jackson veto against the chamfer bill is truly a communication to Congress but it is also like a political manifesto. He states that the privileges possessed by the bank are unauthorized by the physical composition, subversive of the rights of the States, and dangerous to the liberties of the people. In McCuloch v Maryland, the court turned to the infallible and proper clause which grants Congress enumerated powers which complicate the power to regulate collect taxes.President Jackson explains the necessity in regards to the functions that the bank is trying to fulfill The degree of its necessity, involving all the details of a banking institution, is a scruple exclusively for legislative consideration (Jackson). It is not question for the judicial department. As stated in the Constitution the one that has the job to determine wh at is necessary in cases where the law is not prohibited or really calculated, is the legislative department. President Jackson gives major points in describing the reason why the bank was not necessary and proper.At first the bank was established by Congress because of the power to determine what was necessary. But in the long time 1816 and 1832 Congress proposed and took away from their successors the power of establishing banks for cardinal years and then for fifteen years much. This contradiction that Congress did of bartering away or divesting itself from the powers is unconstitutional because of using discretion upon itself Congress was limiting the discretion of their successors. And the Constitution does not grant Congress the power to inflict this in itself. The bank affected the rights of the Sates in a subversive way.It gave up, surrendered the right of the States to tax the banking institutions. Under the mental process of this act resident stockholders and citizens w ould be taxed 1 per cent. Stock held in the States would be subject to taxation, meanwhile stocks from the branches and those foreign stockholders would have been exempted from this burden. Their annual profits would be 1 per cent much than the citizen stockholders. As annual dividends of the bank estimated at 7 per cent, the stock would be worth 10 or 15 per cent more to foreigners than to citizens of the joined States.Another important aspect was the benefits foreign stockholders received through this act. Not only citizens received bounty from government, more than eight millions of the stock was held by foreigners. And the bank act would not permit competition in the buy of this monopoly. A fourth part of the stock is held by foreigners and the residue is held by a hardly a(prenominal) hundredths of US citizens, chiefly of the richest class. As annual dividends of the bank estimated at 7 per cent, the stock would be worth 10 or 15 per cent more to foreigners than to citizens of the United States.Of the twenty-eight millions of confidential stock in the corporation, $8,405,500 was held by foreigners, mostly Great Britain. The amount of specie drawn from those States through its branches within two years was about $6,000,000. More than a half a million of this amount passes on to Europe to pay the dividends of the foreign stockholders. When by a tax on resident stockholders the stock of this bank was made worth 10 or 15 per cent more to foreigners than to residents. The bank would have sent across the Atlantic from two to five millions of specie every year to pay the bank dividends.Shockingly almost one third of foreign stock that was not represented in elections curtails the suffrage of the directors. The entire stock would have serious chances to fall into the reach of few citizen stockholders causing temptation to secure the control in their own hands by monopolizing the remaining stock. There was also a danger that a president and directors would th en reelect themselves from year to year without the responsibility to control wipe out the whole concerns of the bank. The American people would have suffered an adverse effect in many ways. This ct excludes the whole American people from competition in the purchase of this monopoly and dispose of it for many millions less than it is worth. The fourth section provision secures to the State banks a legal privilege in the Bank of the United States which is withheld from all private citizens. There was a lack of equality when paying with notes. A State bank that had notes by a particular branch could pay the dept to the Bank of the United States with those notes, but a citizen couldnt pay with those notes but must have sold them at a discount or sent them to the branch to be cashed.This does not measure out equal justice to the high and the low, the rich and the poor. The president of the bank said that most of the State banks existed by its forbearance, the abstention of enforcing th e fee of the debt. The influence of the self elected directory which is identified with those of the foreign stockholders may become concentered in a particular interest that could affect the purity of elections and the independence of the state of matter when it goes to war.Their influence could have been so great as to influence elections and control the affairs of the nation. Works Cited Jackson, Andrew. Miller Center. 10 de July de 1832. Miller Center. Monday October 2012. . McBride, Alex. pbs. s. f. The Supreme Court. Monday October 2012. .

Big Pharma’s Marketing Tactics Essay

The life-sized Pharma controversy is ab bulge the wide-scale marketing malpractices apply by queen-size pharmaceutical companies in America which resulted in a series of negative implications on consumers. It revolves around pharmaceutical companies, government regulators, health professionals (or unskilled), market consumers and the medical watchdogs. The dispute was formed betwixt the supporters of the marketing tactics apply by pharmaceutical representatives and the detractors to it.Specific tout ensembley it is the context that matters Is it right, or rather honest for the medical professionals to profit at the expense of the patients? Are there more than underlying factors that led to this controversy? It is important to achieve a balance amongst the benefits and drawbacks of the marketing tactics used by the pharmaceutical industry however it is more essential to consider the ethical issues pertaining to these tactics. Certainly, both the consumer welf are and health a re of primary concern but our ethical obligations are non discharged solely by a guarantee of some degree of protection from harm.Still, I strongly intrust that the health considerations of consumers should be put before profit maximization, because, unmistakably, the pharmaceutical industry has the tariff to treat peoples health, instead of harming them. This prove will seek to examine the ethical implications of medicate promotion efforts by pharmaceutical giants, the social impacts of dose promotion on consumers as well as the approaches to contain this dispute.Key Issues To Be DiscussedThe key ethical issues of argument related to Big Pharma are the questionable marketing practices exercised by the pharmaceutical industry, proceeds safety, science for sale and lobbying efforts. These critical issues put on been emotive and multi-dimensional. As a result, it attracted a wide range of views intimately the topic. Questionable Marketing Practices The marketing efforts of Bi g Pharma have always been under the media spotlight and the scrutinization of the public and medical watchdogs. The pharmaceutical marketers have made use of different medium to reach to the latent consumers and professionals.The extensiveness of the promotion efforts of the drugs had proliferated into every corners peoples lives. However, m either believe that the pharmaceutical industrys hunger for profits triumphs over their genuine desire to cooperate the public, and that this blinded concern for profits continues to shape the future of this industry. The core of this debate is whether the high cost of drugs is justifiable by the cost of research and development through with(p) by the pharmaceutical companies. Has the property been used elsewhere?In fact, the worlds major drug companies have been accused of spending self-aggrandising sums of money on promoting their drugs, rather than researching on them. Big Pharma has developed a plethora of ways to reach out to the publi c to advertise on their in vogue(p) and greatest drugs from television and radio spots to newspaper and internet ads. The advertising budget for the drug companies have sky-rocketed to a significant sum. In 2007, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)s biggest advertising price tag was attached to Advair, the firms blockbuster asthma medication, which rung up US$127 million in advertising spending.The total essence of money spent on marketing by pharmaceuticals was U. S. $57. 5 billion for 2004. The total spent on domestic industrial pharmaceutical R&D was U. S. $31. 5 billion. Clearly, the promotional workings of the drug companies have shown that the U. S. pharmaceutical industry is comfort mainly marketing-driven. Corrupted practices among doctors and health professionals are not uncommon in the pharmaceutical industry either. Doctors or even undergraduate medical students were bombarded with logo-infested freebies by the companies, in order to persuade them to prescribe their drugs to patien ts.Mevery physicians were subjected to financial lures by companies to entice them to favour their drugs and prescribe them. Back in 2009, a study out of Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital found that 84 share of doctors have ties to drug companies, a ten percent drop from five years earlier. But roughly two thirds of doctors still accept drug samples, while 70 percent accept food and beverage incentives from drug companies. And fourteen percent continue to accept cash payments for services.While some of these unethical practices were tapered off, not all were uprooted. Some octors did not disclose the amount of gifts and cash which they have accepted from the drug companies. They believe that their decisions on the prescription of drugs would not be influenced by the gifts which they have accepted. In my opinion, the supporters, primarily the health professionals and representatives of the pharmaceutical giants, have disregarded the genuine health implications a nd the high drug costs incurred to the general public in concern. They tycoon try fending off such moral challenges by claiming that substantial amount of advertising is necessary to boost the sales of their products.Securing more profits would also baseborn more money can be invested on research for better drugs. However, it is evident that the excessive promotional efforts of drugs have blinded the pharmaceutical industry, in the pastime of more profits and sales. Their main concern of profit maximization still remains ahead of the interests of the community. Corruption practices among health professionals should also be stemmed out so that unfair and biased decisions made by doctors would not affect the drugs prescribed to consumers.A significant sum of money should still be used for the development of better drugs to improve the quality of the lives of people. In conclusion, the principle of utilitarianism actually provides the latitude in deciding the extent of marketing ef forts by pharmaceutical giants. wellness professionals should not benefit at the expense of the patients. Instead, doctors should always act in the go around interest of the patients. It is therefore important to achieve a balance between the marketing efforts and the genuine interest for the health of the public. Product Safety The safety of the drugs produced has been a compelling issue in this argument.Drug companies have been reportedly illicitly promoting drugs for uses for which they were not approved by the government activity. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) alleged that Astra Zeneca, an Anglo-Swedish giant, illegally publicised Seroquel, an anti-psychotic drug, for off-label purposes, specifically to physicians who do not normally treat patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Instead, they marketed it in long-term care facilities and prisons for the treatment of unapproved uses, including Alzheimers disease, anger management, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and depression.Subsequently, it led to the recall of the drugs and AstraZeneca paid $520 million to make up ones mind allegations for illegally marketing Seroquel for unapproved uses. Some of these unapproved drugs were marketed through different means. Very often, these off-label drugs were made from low quality materials, or were contaminated in the production process. Due to the competitory drug market, manufacturers are tempted to cut corners by outsourcing production to potentially unreliable third parties and skimp on testing the product before releasing it into the market.As a result, some of these products could pose significant health risks to consumers. The trust consumers have on Big Pharma still remains as a big question. Should consumers continue to trust that the drugs manufactured by the pharmaceutical companies are legal and safe for consumption? There is no definite answer to it. pharmaceutics are responsible for(p) for saving and improvin g the lives of many people. However, it seemed to turn out otherwise. Again, profit maximization remains as the top priority of pharmaceutical companies.I believe it would still take some time before the drug industry come to a conclusion between profit-making and the health considerations of the public. In my opinion, it is reasonable for drug companies to root for cheaper alternative and achieve low costs in drug production however, it should adjust or halt the development if serious problems emerge. Thereby, it is important for drug manufacturers to be mindful of the negative consequences that their products have on consumers. Science for sale Science has always been considered an objective endeavour that removes any form of bias in researches and is inherently true and reliable.The results should be generated independently, without bias and with the sole desire to find the best treatments. However, medical researches today, have become corrupted by money and special interests, and often misrepresent the truth to causa personal needs or corporate economic interests. The underlying motive still boils down to profit-making. Consider the example of the large and widely quoted Jupiter trial proving that Crestor, a cholesterol-lowering drug, could prevent heart attacks in people with normal or low cholesterol.In this trial researchers twisted the data to suit the commercial sponsor of the study. An independent review of the Jupiter trial published in the Archives of Internal Medicine showed that it was deeply flawed and the actual data did not show any benefit for the prevention of heart disease. Most medical researches are undoubtedly funded by pharmaceutical giants. Hence, in order to introduce the product into the market, findings are often tailored to be parallel with the economic interests of the company.I believe it is unethical for Big Pharma to pay researchers to twist the truth about bad outcomes and to sneak distorted information and marketing message s into medical journal articles. The consumers healths are at stake as they place much trust in the manufacturer when purchasing the products off shelves. If the research, development and distribution of drugs continue the same as it used to be, not only healthcare is at risk, but so are the research enterprise and the reputations of government bodies. The integrity of scientific research is too important to be left to the invisible hand of the marketplace.Healthcare authorities are needed to regulate and ensure that medical results are not manipulated by selfish pharmaceutical companies which are only concern with individual gains. Lobbying efforts Pharmaceutical giants have spent heavily to lobby government bodies. Part of the high costs of drugs is explainable by the high expenditure devoted to lobbying. New disclosure reports in Congress showed that familiar players at the top of the health-care influence heap, includes $6. 2 million in lobbying by the dominant Pharmaceutical R esearch and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) and $4 million by the American Medical Association.Detractors of pharmaceutical lobby argue that the drugs industry influence allows it to promote legislation friendly to drug manufacturers at the expense of patients. The perfect example of this is the dishonourable legacy of Nevada Senator and U. S. Senate Majority Leader, Harry Reid. Reid was exposed for accepting large sums of money from Big Pharma in order to craft and guide the health care bill in Big Pharmas favour. The health care bill drastically expand Big Pharmas monopolistic control over Americas health care.Corruption practices by healthcare regulators and government bodies are unavoidable. bridal of extravagant gifts and money from powerful lobbyists like Big Pharma would easily allow them to control the government and shape the public health care policies. financially influenced politicians have their campaigns heavily funded by the pharmaceutical industry. In return, these politicians would help Big Pharma in warding off most government regulations so as to promote their drugs into the drug market. The practice of lobbying is both unethical and deceptive.Such a notion demonstrates the unscrupulous manner in which the pharmaceutical industry runs their operations. It also illustrates that they have no qualms about manipulating the Congress and deceiving the public to achieve their ultimate goals. In my opinion, the government should keep check on these corrupted practices in the Congress and should ban any form of corrupted behaviours that have a large cost to the public. Bridging the gap between the proponents and the detractors Pharmaceutical companies should consider the impact of their actions on the edict, who are also target stakeholders to the issue.The importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) should be further put into actions. Big Pharma should always take actions that protect and improve the welfare of society as a whole along w ith their own interests. Besides safeguarding economic and legal obligations, certain responsibilities to society should be extended beyond these obligations. I believe that pharmaceutical companies which simply conduct more researches to prove the safety of their products are not going to win over the public totally.Instead, the businesses need to develop more counter-images or cases to boost good representation. It could be better illustrated by taking the case of GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)s initiative of selling the companys malaria vaccine in Africa for no more than a 5 percent profit. GSK is one of the few pharmaceutical companies that succeeded in developing drugs that are beneficial in the developing world. It is thus evident that the pharmaceutical giant is not all about profit maximizing, but also have the intention to help the less fortunate people.I strongly feel that more stringent regulation and compliance standard from the government would be one way to instill trust in the detractors later all the spotty scandals of Big Pharma. An example would be to issue stronger warnings on the bribes accepted by politicians and researchers from pharmaceutical companies. Given the complexity of the issue, it would help to eradicate any forms of bias in the short run, regardless whether it is for medical researches or bills passed on by the legislation.All in all, it is still dependent on the integrity of researchers and politicians to confer the risk against potential benefits derived with their own judgement. Higher transparency from the government and corporate would be crucial in determining the trust from the public and the criticism from the detractors. As such, with higher transparency, and more giving back to the society, it might help to regain the public trust and reduce detractors scepticism. According to the CSR Pyramid, it is undoubtedly that the biggest responsibility of the Big Pharma should still remain as profit maximization.However, legal obliga tions should not be neglected as well. Corrupted actions should be eliminated from the industry and bouncing marketing practices should be encouraged instead. Accurate medical researches should be bias-free and not swayed by any forms of financial lures. Health professionals should always act in the best interest of patients. The pharmaceutical scene would still require further fine-tuning before we could promote a healthy relationship between the government, the manufacturers and the consumers.

Love in “A Midsummer Nights Dream” Essay

In Shakespeargons a Midsummer Nights Dream come is shown in more different ways. During the play there are many different make out-stories and extra plots that it is easy for Shakespeare to add many different ideas, these sub-stories in the play are the grade of Pyrimus & Thisbee and also the story of the Fairy King and Queen Oberon and Titania. With these added plots in place Shakespeare adds the themes of deceit, magic and confusion.In Act 1 Scene 1 parental bonk is shown when Hermias induce Egeus tries to get his daughter to link Demetrius who he believes is much better for Hermia than her true applaud Lysander. Egeus believes he is protecting his daughter by attempting to drive her to marry Demetrius but is actually going against his daughters wishes as she wants to marry Lysander, Egeus then presents her with an ultimatum which makes her choose to marry Demetrius of live a Celibate life in the perform and it is at this point in the play that Hermia and Lysander choose to runaway. This is a good example of parental love going terribly wrong as Egeus loses comptroller over his daughter when she deceives him by running away with the man her father disapproves of her marrying, this also starts of the plot of the confused lovers.Shakespeare portrays the confusion amid Hermia, Lysander, capital of Montana and Demetrius by using the fairies and the ideas of aspirations and magic so the reader cannot tell what is man and what is fantasy. It is at this point in the play when the fairies are brought into the play as the mischievous Puck causes mayhem between the four Athenians. The confusion is caused when Oberon sees Helena constantly doting over Demetrius despite Demetriuss love for Hermia, he then s destroys Puck to fetch a magical flower to put on the eyes of Demetrius so that he would wake and set eyes on Helena and fall in love with her, but this all goes wrong when he places the flower on Lysanders eyes and he is woken by Helena, consequently falling in love with Helena and snubbing Hermia. The confusion thickens further as Puck then also applies the magical flower to Demetrius and he also falls in love with Helena and results in Lysander and Demetrius fighting over Helena. This keeps the readers interest because of the sudden role reversal between Hermia and Helena. The Confused Lovers is written into the play well into the play very well and effectively and by portraying it using fantasy andmagic Shakespeare is able to add an another(prenominal) dimension to the play.By bringing magic into the play Shakespeare introduces the deceitful division to the love and also a higher level magical degree. The story of Oberon and Titania is one of Male Dominance, Jealousy and Conflict. Titania and Oberon are king and sissy of the fairies and there relationship affects the goings on of nature. Titanias part in the play is highly unpredictable as she shows love for 3 different characters these characters are Oberon, Nick Bottom, and The changeling electric shaver. These are three different types of love, her love for Oberon seems forced and full of conflict, her love for Nick Bottom is due to the same magic as used on the confused lovers and her love for the Changeling Child is out of care and consideration as she has rescued it.The changeling child sparks the argument between Oberon and Titania and this leads to Titanias abrupt love for Nick Bottom. This is planned by Oberon as revenge for Titania not giving him the changeling child as a servant. Titanias love for Bottom is only due to magic and many other aspects, one of these aspects is Titanias love of being in love and the love for bottom is very wrong. It is wrong as he is an innocent victim of Oberon and Pucks trouble reservation and cannot do anything to stop what has happened and Titania takes advantage of this using her beauty and the luxurious treatment he gives him to get what she wants while he believes it is a dream, we realise this as he is nt sure where he is or what happened to him.There is love between Hermia and Lysander and also Demetrius and Helena either side of the confusion when the four fortuity into the woodwind. The love between Lysander and Hermia is very true and exists from Lysander to Hermia and vice versa. This is displayed very early on in the play when Lysander refuses to give up on Hermia when her father demands she marry Demetrius and also when Hermia is willing to run away from a life of spoils and riches just to be with Lysander. This love is still the same at the end as neither Hermia nor Lysander have any memory of what happened due to magic yet again.On the other hand the love between Demetrius & Helena is forever ever-changing up until the end of the play, at the start Helenas love for Demetrius is doting and obsessive but Demetrius returns none of this love. This is wellshown when they are in the forest and Helena says the more thy object me the more I dote on you she continues to make com ments like this even when Demetrius continually rejects her, it is obvious he dislikes Helena as he makes comments such as I love thee not, therefore pursue me not this makes it obvious to Helena that Demetrius dislikes her but she still pursues him right up until the end of the play when he finally falls in love with her. Although once more this love is only due to the magical works of Puck.The problems between Hermia and her father are resolved when the four now unconfused lovers are found by Theseus and Egeus in the forest, Theseus then heard of there love for each other and declared fair lovers you are fortunately met and all happiness is achieved. The four lovers have no memory of the events that have happened and think it is all a dream but it is actually humankind.Shakespeare uses a variation of techniques and themes to portray love in A Midsummer Nights Dream. Many are successful but the sub plot of Pyramus and Thisbee is unsuccessful as it does not play a major part in the play and the reader knows that the happenings of the play are not reality but with the other themes the reader does not know whether the happenings were reality or not. The other themes are successful because of the fact that there is no differentiating between reality and dreams, I think Shakespeare is successful in portraying love in the play and I also believe that his extensive use of various themes is a key to this success.