Dialogue About the Problem of Overpopulation Essay

Marija: So, Martin, what do you think about the problem with overpopulation in the world? You think it is a serious problem? Martin: Well, Marija, yes, basically I do think overpopulation is a serious problem, maybe not in Macedonia, but in some other countries in the world, like China, it is one of the major state issues. I’ve read that there are laws which limit the number of kids for one family to have. And what is your opinion? Marija: I disagree. I don’t think overpopulation is such a serious issue, as long as there is a solution for it. And I don’t think that kind of laws should be allowed, one reason is that they are not humane. Maybe they should have come up with some other idea how to get over it. Martin: You’re right about this. I’m thinking about a world without borders, so anyone can live where he wants, and then, the issue of overpopulation will be dealed with. There won’t be limitations where people can live, so I believe there won’t be overcrowded cities, or†¦ Marija: I believe it will be†¦ That’s the real reason why there is overpopulation. Everyone wants to live in the big cities, so they would definitely become overcrowded. Maybe, the government should promote the rural communities, with giving benefits, such as low-price houses, available jobs with good salary.. Martin: Well that is a good idea. That way many people will take the chance, and move to the countryside, and with that lower the overpopulation in the industrial cities. Plus, they can enjoy the unpolutioned air and earth. Marija: Finally, we came to mutual understanding how to get rid of this problem. Now we just have to recommend this option to the authorities.

Counter-intelligence: successes and failures

Counter intelligence is the action taken by each and every intelligence organizations and other related sectors in order to prevent or put a stop on the other intelligence organizations that poses a threat to them.Furthermore, this type of action is taken by such intelligence organization to thwart hostile or intimidating enemy intelligence organizations from efficiently and successfully collect or gather information and other important data or records that is against them (Shulsky and Schmitt, p.1, 2002).More often than not, counter-intelligence, just like data gathering in a certain field, offers chances, chances of being successful and chances of failing, and it is important to understand that this is normal and occurs in one form or type of counter-intelligence to the other.In some instances, there are counter-intelligence agencies which are created by the government. These counter-intelligence agencies or sectors are separate from the intelligence group or sector that the govern ment had already created.Counter-intelligence agencies had been put up by a lot of country in order to specifically perform or conduct the collection and gathering of information, data, records, technologies, innovations and new facts from the enemy government, agency or intelligence sector. Furthermore, these counter-intelligence agencies research, study and conduct actions or services having specialized purposes (Fleisher, p.12, 2000).The counter-intelligence activities oftentimes include counter-espionage and may often include activities such as dissemination of incorrect data or records. The counter-intelligence sector or agencies often conduct or spread disinformation that has the goal or purpose of misleading their enemies or other counter-intelligence sectors and directly target the enemies’ intelligence method of collecting data, information and other resources.In some instances or for some counter-intelligence agencies such as the U.S. Espionage and Intelligence, the focus of their organization is to give or allow scholars and researchers from directly accessing new information, researches, data and other intelligence files which are already declassified (Davis, p.x, 1992).These information or data given to the scholars and researchers are often in the form of a detailed primary document that is about military, intelligence, diplomatic components or other new records and facts. Such new information is highly needed in order to obtain further or deeper understanding of some incidents or confrontations against other enemy agencies or government.Most often than not, both counter-intelligence and intelligence activities occur at the same time and side by side, not only among competing governments or military agencies but also in the commercial and private industries. Furthermore, the intelligence and counter-intelligence may also occur among law enforcement groups or agencies and the criminal groups or gangs.Spies or agents working for a counter-in telligence agency infiltrates the other enemy counter-intelligence agency or sector and prevent the enemy from its activities. In the purpose of preventing data collection and enemy’s human intelligence gathering from properly working, efforts of collecting and new information from them is also taken or done at the same time. In most cases, these spies or counter-intelligence agents have included in their mission or purpose, the detection, neutralization whenever possible, and the exploitation of the surveillance and intelligence activities of the other enemy spies.Of course, there are instances where the spies or counter-intelligence agents are discovered. When this happens, the counter-intelligence agency or sector has the rights and is empowered by the law and the constitution to arrest these suspected spies.Upon capturing them, exploitation or information collection and gathering is also done against these spies. Interrogations, subsequent test of loyalty, and manipulatio ns are done by the agencies to the captured spies to take advantage of the situation and benefit from the enemy spy’s existing knowledge. In this sense, counter-intelligence is already being committed or done by the agencies that captured, interrogated and manipulated the captured spy or enemy agent.Oftentimes, spies or enemy agents do not give in to the counter-intelligence agencies that captured them. In this case, the counter-intelligence agencies often neutralize or get rid of the spy in order to protect themselves or the information which was already â€Å"stolen† from them. Killing or neutralizing the captured spies or enemy agents is the next best thing that is done by the counter-intelligence agencies if they cannot exploit the spies.Captured spies are given chances to talk or squeal what they have learned or collected and bargain a cooperative plea with a penalty of imprisonment rather than directly giving or passing a death penalty. If the captured spy would talk or give all the information that he has, then the counter-intelligence would be a success for those who captured him, while it is a failure for those who â€Å"owned† or sent the spy that did not keep the code of secrecy (Godson, p.181, 1942).

Macbeth’ explores ambition and its consequences Essay

‘Macbeth’ explores ambition and its consequences and I am going to show how he successfully portrays this exploration and where in the play examples of this can be found. In scene three of act one, the witches for the second time in the play are seen. This time they are bragging about their unnatural actions and their powers over the human world. Macbeth and Banquo appear on what Macbeth describes as an unusually, â€Å"†¦foul and fair day.† A foul day would be commenting on the weather but a fair day since they have just been triumphant in a defeat in battle. This description of the day by Macbeth could also mean something else too. It could also represent what is about to happen as well. Fair prophecies are to be told soon, but at the same time they may turn out to be foul. When Macbeth and Banquo confront the witches, they are unsure of what or who they are. Unsure of whether they are mortal or immortal due to the things they are saying and how they appear since they have beards like men. This can be seen when Banquo says, â€Å"†¦What are these,/ So withered, and so wild in their attire,/ That not look like th’ inhabitants o’ th’ earth,/ And yet on’t? Live you, or are you aught/ That man may question? You seem to understand/ By each at once her choppy finger laying/ Upon her skinny lips. You should be women,/ And yet your beards forbid me to interpret/ That you are so.† Then each of the witches hail Macbeth in three different ways. The first is Thane of Glamis. The second witch, Thane of Cawdor. The third witch hails Macbeth and speaks of him as King of Scotland thereafter. Banquo then questions the witches as to what they have to say to him. The first two witches build up to the third witch’s comment that Banquo’s descendants will be kings. After this, Macbeth begins to question the witches for more information as to how these prophesies are to come true and how they know this information. All of a sudden the witches vanish into thin air leaving Banquo and Macbeth to talk about what has just happened and what has been said. Ross and Angus (two of Macbeth’s men) arrive and tell Macbeth of his elevation to Thane of Cawdor, and that the former thane is to be executed for treason. Macbeth and Banquo are in disbelief after being told this since what the witches have told them is really happening. Macbeth is now intent in believing he is to be king due to this occurrence of him becoming Thane of Cawdor. Banquo warns Macbeth that evil is at work even though such good things are being predicted and happening. Banquo is sure there is something sinister behind it all. Macbeth doesn’t want to hear what Banquo is telling him and begins to imagine what King of Scotland would mean for him. Macbeth and Banquo decide to let future take care of itself and agree to discuss this matter at a more convenient time. It is already clear that the two men aren’t in agreement about the situation. Macbeth believes what the witches have told them, since part of what they have already said has come true. Banquo on the other hand is doubtful about what is happening and believes something evil and sinister is happening. Banquo is thinking logically and being very conscious about the current situation. Already ambition and temptation is effecting Macbeth’s actions and thoughts. Doubtfulness and a disagreement in opinion is the only thing challenging their relationship so far but it could get a lot worse. At this point the reader may feel that Banquo is trying to tell Macbeth to not read too deeply into these prophecies told by the witches since they are believed to be evil by him. But on the other hand Banquo may be regarded as jealous towards Macbeth about his good fortunes that are occurring. I think Banquo being regarded as jealous, is thought of more by Macbeth rather than the reader. Macbeth may see Banquo as a threat since his descendants may challenge Macbeth’s position in years to come when he believes he shall be king of Scotland. Macbeth’s ambition within this scene has not yet caused consequences but may do in later scenes to come. When Macbeth enters and Lady Macbeth explains to him what her plans are of killing the king Macbeth does not appear as enthusiastic about the idea and is hesitant. He immediately explains that Duncan will be departing next day. But Lady Macbeth simply says that he shall not see tomorrow and to leave the plans to her. It is understandable for Macbeth not to be all that enthusiastic about the idea of killing the king due to many aspects. These aspects include, Duncan being a relative of Macbeth’s, the potential of being caught, and also a matter of killing someone just to steal a title which belongs to an ally of his. Ambition from Lady Macbeth seems to be a threat towards Macbeth. Her violent, blistering soliloquies in act one, scene five, testify to her strength of will, which completely eclipses that of her husband. The witches are the cause of Lady Macbeth’s actions and ideas. Their prophecies have so far influenced both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, although Lady Macbeth considerably more so at this point within the play. In scene six Duncan arrives at Macbeth’s castle and is greeted warmly by Lady Macbeth. A very false greeting since the thoughts and ideas running through her mind are far more different than what she is expressing to Duncan in greeting him. This is false sense of security from Lady Macbeth towards Duncan. Ambition is feeding this false sense of security from Lady Macbeth towards Duncan since this is part of her plan to kill the king. Scene seven begins with Macbeth debating to himself the options he has in murdering or not murdering Duncan. He says that the deed would be easy if he could be certain that it would not set in motion a series of terrible consequences. He then considers the reasons why he ought not to kill Duncan. The reasons include: Macbeth is Duncan’s kinsman, subject and host. For someone to be related to and host someone else, then murder them is seen upon as inconceivable. He then comes to the decision to not kill Duncan since the only thing to ‘drive’ his actions of killing the king would be his ambition, which he sees as an unreliable guide. Lady Macbeth is now expressing outrage towards Macbeth and trying to gain sympathy from him towards her since she has just told him that he is not providing her with enough love just because he won’t kill Duncan. This is a very desperate resort that further expresses Lady Macbeth’s character towards the audience. Ambition is driving her evil actions. As Macbeth begins to waver after Lady Macbeth’s insults towards him, she then explains her plan. Immediately after she has explained her plan, Macbeth is surprised by her well thought out plan and her boldness/attitude. He then decides to proceed with the murder. Lady Macbeth’s attitude and ambition is influencing Macbeth to such an extent as to change his feelings and ideas towards the subject. This emphasises the power of ambition expressed from one person towards another. The witches’ prophecises and Lady Macbeth’s ambition together have made Macbeth’s ideas and opinions change complete ly. In act two, scene 1, Banquo and Fleance are walking along the hall way of Macbeth’s castle. Banquo tells his son, Fleance, about him being unable to sleep properly due to cursed thoughts and dreams. This shows that the three witches are having an effect upon Banquo. When Banquo and his son are confronted by Macbeth in the hall way, Banquo speaks of the witches telling some truth. Macbeth replies in an innocent way and says, â€Å"I think not of them./ Yet when we can entreat an hour to serve,/ We would spend it in some words upon that business†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Macbeth is telling Banquo a blatant lie about his thoughts and feelings about the witches. Macbeth tells Banquo that he has thought nothing of them since the night they both confronted them. They then both agree to talk about the subject of the witches and their prophecies at a later time. Lady Macbeth’s plans have made Macbeth lie to his own friend and a great friend of that who he fought with side by side in battle. If Macbeth had told Banquo the truth in that he had been thinking about the witches a lot of the time, Banquo may suspect something when the king is killed in Macbeth’s own home and then Macbeth becomes king! Banquo’s knowledge of the witches’ prophecy makes him both a potential ally and a potential threat to Macbeth’s plotting. For now, Macbeth seems distrustful of Banquo and pretends to have hardly thought of the witches, but Macbeth’s desire to discuss the prophecies at some future time suggests that he may have some sort of conspiratorial plans in mind. The appearance of Fleance, Banquo’s son, serves as a reminder of the witches’ prediction that Banquo’s children will sit on the throne of Scotland. We realize that if Macbeth succeeds in the murder of Duncan, he will be driven to still more violence before his crown is secure, and Fleance will be in immediate and mortal danger. Ambition and determination from both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth will drive someone to killing Fleance or Banquo or even both at some point since these characters are potential threats in preventing Macbeth to remaining king of Scotland. As soon as Macbeth and Fleance depart and leave Macbeth alone, Macbeth imagines that he sees a dagger leading/pointing him in the direction to Duncan’s room. Macbeth tries to grasp the weapon and fails. He wonders whether what he sees is real or a, â€Å"A dagger of the mind, a false creation,/ Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain?† Macbeth decides that the vision of the dagger was simply a manifestation of his unease over killing Duncan. It is obvious that Macbeth is not overly confident nor enthusiastic about the matter of murdering Duncan but his ‘lover’ has literally forced him into this position through mockery and ambition. As Macbeth hears the signal of the bell rung by Lady Macbeth he heads off to the king’s room and commits the murder and says, â€Å"I go, and it is done./ The bell invites me./ Hear it not Duncan, for it is knell/ That summons thee to heaven or to hell.† This is Macbeth’s concluding speech before going on t o commit the murder of Duncan. In act two at the beginning of scene one, Lady Macbeth is waiting for Macbeth to return, is found contemplating to herself about drugging the king’s guards and congratulating herself as to how bold she is to carry out such actions. She also asks herself what gave her such courage, evil or sinister spirits perhaps as she asked for earlier on in the play? She says this at the beginning of scene two act one, â€Å"That which hath made them drunk hath made me bold;/ What hath quenched them hath given me fire./ Hark! Peace!† She obviously doesn’t want anyone else to hear what she is saying since she appears startled when Macbeth enters. Macbeth appears dazed and obsessed with thoughts of damnation after committing the murder. Lady Macbeth notices the blood drenched daggers within the hands of Macbeth’s. She tells him to pull himself together after this dreadful mistake and also shouting, â€Å"Who’s there? What ho!† Lady Macbeth warns Macbeth that he may have woken the guards after that silly act of shouting and tells him to return the daggers to the guards as planned. Macbeth refuses and so Lady Macbeth places the daggers next to the guards herself. Effects of shock and disbelief are gradually setting into Macbeth and this can be seen by his type of language spoken. This can be seen when Lady Macbeths tells him to return the daggers and he replies, â€Å"I’ll go no more./ I am afraid to think what I have done./ Look on’t again I dare not.† Macbeth appears to be unable to face up to what he has done, not even to himself, and is ashamed of himself after carrying out the murder. He is in shock and in denial over the whole situation. Macbeth appears scared and frightened of his own actions and all of this because ambition from Lady Macbeth and Macbeth. As the two go to wash their hands and prepare to get changed into their night clothes there is a knocking on the door of the castle and the murderer and his accomplice frantically get changed so to enable no one to suspect them as the possible murderers. The effect on Lady Macbeth after her trip into Duncan’s bedroom is particularly striking. She claims that she would have killed Duncan herself except that he resembled her father sleeping. This is the first time Lady Macbeth shows herself to be at all vulnerable. Her comparison of Duncan to her father suggests that despite her desire for power and her harsh chastisement of Macbeth, she sees her king as an authority figure to which she must be loyal. Also after the murdering of Duncan an important aspect to remember is that physical evidence can be washed away, like the blood to be washed off the skin of the hands, but emotional and mental feelings cannot be so easily removed and disposed of. This can be seen a little later in the play when Macbeth begins to act disturbingly and struggles to hold in his feelings. In the first scene of act three, Banquo is summing up the current situation. He has now witnessed two of the witches prophecies coming true, why not the next? If the next prophecy comes true that means Banquo’s descendants shall become king. Ambition and hope is now feeding Banquo’s motivation towards believing that the next prophecy shall come true. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are now attempting to put Banquo’s mind at ease by inviting him to a feast. Doing this they hope to prevent Banquo getting suspicious about the murder of Duncan and so not think it was Macbeth and Lady Macbeth who were involved in the murder. If they both tried to avoid any sort of contact with Banquo, it would seem suspicious and suspect since he is such a good friend of Macbeth’s. Macbeth goes onto tell Banquo that they must discuss the problem of Malcom and Donalbain fleeing and therefore possibly intending to plot against the crown. So far, Macbeth is covering is guilt very successfully and appearing genuine and true towards Banquo. A false sense of security is given from Macbeth towards Banquo. When Banquo departs, Macbeth remains on stage and begins a soliloquy. The soliloquy is of Macbeth’s thoughts about Banquo and the threat he holds with Fleance too. He speaks of how he may have killed Duncan only for their sake in the future to come. He fears killing Duncan has assisted them in becoming king a lot sooner than Macbeth wants. Macbeth’s best friend is now is worst threat. Banquo and Fleance are a great threat towards Macbeth’s position of kingship. Macbeth’s and his Lady’s ambition for wanting everything and nothing but the best in kingship is beginning to have its consequences. Macbeth now knows he must get rid of both Banquo and Fleance so to prevent any such threat remaining towards Macbeth and his position as king of Scotland. He speaks with two murderers to whom he had already spoken the day before, assuring them that their misfortunes are Banquo’s fault. He tries to urge them to take revenge upon Banquo and his family. He tries to persuade the two murderers that if they carry the intended job out, that then proves them to be ‘real’ men. They agree to the proposed job Macbeth is telling them to do and he stresses to kill both of them, Banquo and Fleance. Macbeth is now needing more people killed (to feed his ambition and determination in becoming king) although not carrying the offence out himself. This may be due to the fact that killing Duncan is taking effect and that Macbeth can not bear to kill another friend of his just for his good. This killing is an act of selfishness, greediness and desperation. He may not be carrying out the murder himself because he feels he is unable to kill such a dear friend and a friend he has fought side by side with in battle. He also may not want to murder Banquo and Fleance because it may appear suspicious if another murder occurs and no witnesses available to say where Macbeth was at the time. If people know where Macbeth is, they cannot suspect him of being guilty for the murder. Macbeth doesn’t want to risk being caught by anyone and so has appoint these two men to do the job for him. Macbeth has no hesitation in killing Banquo and Fleance, which shows his ambition and determination is driving his actions. Macbeth’s conscience is no longer a part of his decisions he makes. Ambition appears to have replaced common sense. He is organising the death of one of his best friends and his friend’s son just so he can remain as king. It’s hard to believe that the murders Macbeth is responsible for (in carrying out and planning) have all been down to prophecies told and Macbeth’s and Lady Macbeth’s ambition and determination in making the prophecies happen. Macbeth now appears more able and independent, since Lady Macbeth has had no say in the plan of killing Banquo and Fleance, that we are aware of. Lady Macbeth’s ambition and determination earlier on in killing Duncan is now consequently making Macbeth more determined to remain king. This is an awful consequence due to the fact that innocent friends and relatives of Macbeth’s are dying just so Macbeth and Lady Macbeth can preserve their hierarchal status. These are very selfish and ambitious ways of keeping it their own way, the way they want it to be. In scene two, act three, Lady Macbeth is urging Macbeth to put the past behind him due to being uneasy about how Macbeth is. Macbeth hints that he has a plan that is intended to be carried out that evening. He gives no details but he believes she will approve of his plans and actions. Macbeth, through Lady Macbeth’s eyes, is now appearing to be in full control of making sure that he remains king and she remains queen of Scotland. It is clear that Lady Macbeth is uneasy about it, but she covers her feelings when around Macbeth. After all it was her motivation and ambition that has made Macbeth what he is now both king but at the same time a ruthless killer if needs be just to hold the current position of king. It is clear now that Macbeth’s ambition is feeding his motivation. In scene four, this is where it all starts to go wrong for Macbeth and for Lady Macbeth too. Macbeth learns that only Banquo was murdered and Fleance escaped from the attempt at killing both. Macbeth is angered at this result and tells himself, â€Å"There the grown serpent lies;/ the worm that’s fled Hath nature that in time will venom breed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He basically talks of how Banquo (the grown serpent) lies dead but the younger and growing boy, Fleance (the worm) is still at large and later in life he will pose a threat. Shakespeare refers to the pair as snakes and worms due to the fact that they can strike at any time and are hard to kill or catch. This sums up Fleance perfectly since he could strike at any time and therefore pose a threat, and also is hard to kill. This is disastrous for Macbeth and Lady Macbeth because it is Fleance that must be killed since he is the main threat towards Macbeth’s kingship. If Banquo survived suspicions would arise, but with Banquo dead and Fleance still alive, suspicions are still going to occur and also the threat is still at large for Macbeth and his lady. As the banquet begins and Macbeth sits down with his friends to eat he finds a ghost of Banquo sat in his seat. Invisible to anyone else at the banquet, Macbeth begins to talk to the ghost in the chair although through the eyes of the people attending the banquet it would appear to be Macbeth talking to a chair. If he starts saying too much he may give away information about murders that they have planned and carried out to the other guests. The side effects of the deception, ambition and lies are now beginning to take effect on Macbeth. He is hallucinating images of his victim which means he is worrying about the matter a great deal. All this is a consequence of over ambitious actions carried out by both Lady Macbeth and Macbeth himself. Shakespeare fundamentally shows ambition in two different ways in ‘Macbeth’. He shows how ambition can have dreadful consequences and how it can ruin your life. In Macbeth’s case he dies which is the ultimate price to pay for his ambition and attempting to change nature’s course. Shakespeare also shows ambition as a good thing through Banquo’s actions as he stays level headed and lives life each day at a time. Banquo and his role in ‘Macbeth’ represent the better side of ambition but Macbeth represents the worst side of ambition. Ambition is generally looked upon as a good aspect to a person, but Shakespeare successfully shows how ambition can be both good and bad and what consequences can occur if you have too much of it in ‘Macbeth’.

Please answer the four questions about marketing Research Paper

Please answer the four questions about marketing - Research Paper Example Thirdly, each of the exchanging parties has to exude confidence in the value of the items exchanged. For instance, when purchasing a vehicle, the customer has to have confidence that the vehicle would perform beyond their expectations and offer the required utility. Lastly, r both parties have to meet the high expectations as a way to build trust in the transaction, in addition to making the marketing activity successful. A recent marketing exchange that I participated recently was purchasing a mobile phone recently. In the transaction, I had to visit a local distributor dealing in some of the leading phone brands, which actualized the first requirement of a marketing exchange; two parties have to be involved in the exchange. Secondly, I was attracted to the mobile phone due to its enhanced functionality, which promised to be of much value. In this case, I was confident that the phone could satisfy my needs while the distributor would be satisfied by having a piece of his stocks sold at a profit. Thirdly, I was very confident that after reviewing the phone and listening to earlier users, the phone could deliver more value to exceed my satisfaction as I had been disappointed by some earlier models. Lastly, I had to bargain to get the best possible price for the best product, while we finally settled on the last price with each of us meeting and exceeding the expectations. As a result, we established a strong buyer-seller relationship that would be considered for another transaction in the future. Q.2 In strategic planning, an organization sets its mission, goals and a corporate strategy that guides in all its operations until establishment of a sound marketing plan to seal transactions. As such, Pride & Ferrell (2012) detailed the important components to be considered in strategic planning. The first step involves identification of the organization’s strengths,

Death of Sun - 1 page discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Death of Sun - 1 page discussion - Essay Example ve until this time, it is therefore clear that the use of space shuttles and similar vehicles to transport humans to outside of Earth will have become mass produced. It is therefore sensible to conclude that there should be technology which is advanced enough to propel all human beings to a refugee planet in outer space. However, the only problems that might be encountered here would be the probable fight for who will be on those vehicles first, plus the money needed for it. Human greed might then become the reason for the probable failure of this evacuation plan. Anyone anywhere should therefore cooperate with the government and the media on what to do, although this would be highly impossible because of panic. There is nothing much anyone can do at this time but to keep their ears glued to the news, to pack up all their essentials, and to say their prayers. They should then await any directive from the government. They should then await any directive from the government for a possible relocation to where they should be transported to space. If the sun dies out, then the whole solar system should also die, and so only an exoplanet could be the answer. According to National Geographic, there is an exoplanet named Gliese 581g which is â€Å"a rocky place with an atmosphere, temperate regions, and crucially, liquid water considered vital for life as we know it† (Roach). This is a proof that such an exoplanet is worth a try. We may not know what is in Gliese 581g, but we definitely know the death that awaits us on Earth. Roach, John. â€Å"First Truly Habitable Planet Discovered, Experts Say.† 2010. National Geographic. 4 Mar 2013.

Entrepreneurship in Dilemma Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Entrepreneurship in Dilemma - Dissertation Example However, not all countries are willing to adopt the principles of freedom, trade, and business development. Nigeria does not have a rich history of business development and entrepreneurship. Nevertheless, the Nigerian President sets a challenging task to make Nigeria one of the world’s leading economies by 2020. Needless to say, entrepreneurship will play one of the key roles in the economic and social development in the country. This is one of the reasons why the factors of accountability and governance in the small business sector in Nigeria require detailed analysis. Aims and objectives The key question for the proposed study is What Implications Do Accountability and Governance Have for the Future Nationwide Entrepreneurship Development in Nigeria? The key research objectives include: To define and explore the concepts of accountability and governance; To understand and explain the implications of governance and accountability for entrepreneurship; To discuss and evaluate the current state of entrepreneurship in Nigeria; To find out and estimate the prospects of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria until 2020; To explain how accountability and governance can serve the needs of the future entrepreneurship development in Nigeria; To provide recommendations for the future research. Literature Review The current state of literature provides abundant information about accountability and governance in entrepreneurship but leaves little room to the discussion of entrepreneurship in Nigeria (Switzer, LN & Tang, M 2009). Globalization and the following integration of national markets generate great chances for the fast development of business and entrepreneurship in all parts of the world. Nevertheless, not all states are ready to change their principles of freedom, trade, and business development (Switzer, LN & Tang, M 2009). Many of them, especially developing countries meet a lot of difficulties on this way. However, it is possible to create a general p icture of entrepreneurship in the African continent and estimate its prospects for the future. It should be noted, that governance and accountability are among the most popular, essential and widely discussed topics of scholarly analysis. The reasons for this are numerous and varied. First and foremost, governance provides a multitude of effects on strategic decisions in entrepreneurship (LeBreton-Miller & Miller 2008). According to LeBreton-Miller and Miller (2008), small and medium enterprises that operate in the context of personal ownership are entirely distinct from those that are owned by diffuse stakeholders. Governance also affects manager-owner agency costs and bears heavy consequences on the quality of strategic outcomes (LeBreton-Miller & Miller 2008). Second, governance is essentially about power, and when globalization adds pressures on entrepreneurs, governance becomes an object of business and professional scrutiny (Verhezen & Morse 2009). As of today, governance ofte n serves the source of competitive advantage for firms, and pressures for improved governance challenge the established status quo in entrepreneurship (Verhezen & Morse 2009). Ultimately, governance has much to do with the value of firms: Switzer and Tang (2009) suggest that endogenous governance mechanisms constantly interact. Eventually, governance and accountability have far-reaching implications for policymaking in business and entrepreneurship (Bhasin 2010). Much has been written and said about

Current Threats to Maritime Activity Research Paper

Current Threats to Maritime Activity - Research Paper Example However, a huge threat is also imposed by poor relationships among countries since it hinders the deterrence and capture of terrorist elements. This paper found that increased international cooperation is essential to minimizing threats to maritime activities. Maritime activities are essential to trade and socioeconomic development. It is on the sea that many countries rely on the production and transportation of goods. However, countries and private industries face a worsening threat in maritime activities because of the growing and re-emerging threats at sea. These threats include terrorism, piracy, drug trafficking, oil smuggling, and transportation of criminal elements and materials (Gilbride & Nash, 2004). As Gilbride and Nash note, â€Å"oceans are the largest ungoverned space on the planet,† which makes the sea a greater security challenge for the global community. In 2004, then President George W. Bush emphasized that the American government is intent on disrupting every enemy threats (as cited in â€Å"National Strategy,† 2005), including those at sea. The first step towards a safer maritime environment is the identification of threats posed by criminal entities. Most of these are related either directly or indirectly to terrorism and pose serious economic threats to every nation around the world. Deng (1997) enumerates five types of activities that fall under maritime activities: â€Å"(1) state politics, including military operations, expansion, administration, diplomacy, exile, rebellions, and popular movements against the state; (2) cultural exchange; (3) expeditions; (4) immigration; and (5) trade.† Although the five activities Deng enumerated above are all essential to national development and security, the first and the last ones create the greatest impact for any country. Hence, this paper will focus on

How Nintendo is left brained Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How Nintendo is left brained - Essay Example This part of the brain controls the right side of the body. (Edward) CERTAIN FEATURES OF NINTENDO GAMES WITH EXAMPLES: A number of Nintendo games are available for purchase in the market. These games incorporate techniques that require analytical and logical approaches to be embedded by the player. Examples of Nintendo games involving the brain activity of the player from the left side of the brain include Donkey Kong, numerous puzzle related games such as Repton, Knights Lore, Cantlequest. Puzzle solving games involve the embedding of decision making techniques. Thompson writes about traditional puzzle games in his book â€Å"Video Games Design Revealed† in the following words: â€Å"The general format for traditional puzzle games often includes a problem that needs to be solved, followed by some kind of subtle scenario change, followed by another puzzle that needs to be solved in order to gain points or move up a hierarchy of levels.† (31). Each puzzle game introduced by the Nintendo game introduces a different decision making perspective to the player. This results in even more brainstorming on the Player’s end. In addition to puzzle solving games there are also few brain games in the Nintendo Series of video games. These games are named as the ‘Brain Training Series’ by their developer Professor Kawashima and Nintendo.

Strategic Plan for McDonald's Corporation Research Paper

Strategic Plan for McDonald's Corporation - Research Paper Example The strengths that an organization possesses are crucial because they are used to counter the weaknesses and threats that the organization faces. McDonald's Corporation is not new in the market but that does not mean that its success cannot be challenged by emerging entities (Evans, 2011). McDonald's Corporation was started in the year 1940 and it has grown to become the largest hamburger and fast food outlet in the world. It serves more than sixty-eight million customers everyday in one hundred and nineteen countries. This implies that the outlets are the most frequented by customers across the world. The company was started by two brothers, Richard and Maurice McDonald but they were later joined by Ray Kroc in the year 1955 as a franchise agent. All McDonald's restaurants are operated by an affiliate, a franchisee, or the company. Furthermore, most of the company’s revenue comes from fees and royalties from franchisees, rent, or sales from the company operated restaurants. T he main products offered by McDonald's restaurants are cheeseburgers, hamburgers, French fries, chicken, soft drinks, desserts, breakfast items and milkshakes. The world of business has been changing over the last few years and in a bid to ensure that customers are satisfied, the company has expanded its operations to include wraps, fruits, smoothies and salads (Evans 2011). The first restaurant to be opened under the name of McDonald's was situated at 398 North E Street at West 14th Street in San Bernardino. It was opened by the two McDonald's brothers mentioned above. The brothers noticed that restaurants operated by the name of the White Castle were making profits because of operating in the Speedee Service System. The brothers took advantage of the new phenomenon to make their name in the fast food industry. In addition, they used a mascot that was of a man with a chef’s hat, which was worn on a hamburger shaped head. Ronald McDonald replaced the mascot with a man shaped as a clown with his legs puffed out in 1967. The name McDonald’s became a trademark in the US after it was filed for the same status on 04 May 1961. After Kroc joined the company he later purchased it from the McDonald’s brothers and later transformed the business into international status (Evans 2011). Kroc’s way of doing business was very aggressive, which meant that he was incompatible with the McDonald’s brothers. Although the brothers contested the takeover, it is worth noting that Kroc won the battle and purchased the equity that the brothers owned. This was the second birth of the organization because Kroc had other ideas for the organization. In a bid to ensure that Kroc broke away from the founders’ way of doing business, he sold the first McDonald's Corporation’s outlet. The first restaurant, which was situated at San Bernardino, was sold to Juan Pollo restaurants after its demolition in 1976. Globalization and the American way of life are closely associated with the organization because of the way it has spread to several countries across the world. In addition, debates have been going about obesity, consumer responsibility and corporate ethics (Evans 2011). Although people are concerned about the products that are offered at the organization, it has to be noted that people make their own choices. This implies that most of the foods that are served at the restaurant have health concerns but the organization does not force

Family and marriage ten theories Essay Example for Free

Family and marriage ten theories Essay 1. Family Ecology- The ecological context of the family affects family life and children’s outcomes. It explores how the family is influenced by the environment.This theory studies how family lives and decisions. It basically brings forth the idea that every choice that you make affects your family, your lifestyle, the surrounding events as well as historical events. Key Concepts Natural physical-biological environment- This concept deals with climate and climate change, soil, plants and animals. Social- Cultural environment- This concepts deals with human made things as well as cultural artifacts. Theorist/ Individual- This concept was discovered/ or created by ecologist Strength and Weaknesses- Some strengths of this theory is that What You Think- I think that this theory is totally correct. I feel like every choice I make does affect my family. It affects their lifestyle as well as how they view things, as well as how they form their opinions. These decisions that I am making now, affects how we live and will affect how they decide they will live when they get older. These decisions are things like, where we live, how we live, work ethics, as well as the food we eat. 2. The Family Life Course Development Framework Families experience predictable change over time. This basically brings forth the idea that families go thru unpredictable changes, which add and subtract from their family composition. This means birth, death and the leaving home of a family member. Key Concepts Family Life Course- Events that add and subtract from a family’s composition Developmental Tasks- tasks that have to be completed before you can transition to the next stage. On Time Transitions- Events that occur when they are supposed to, as opposed to being too early, or too late. Role Sequencing- The order in which major transitions take place. Theorist/ Individual- Life Course Therapist, and Ueker and Stokes Strength and Weaknesses Some of the strengths of this theory is that it analyzes the family as a unit. What You Think- This theory basically states that family life begins with marriage. This is crazy and untrue. I say this because nowadays family life begins when you have a kid as opposed to when you get married. 3. The Structure- Functional Perspective- The family performs essential functions for society. This deals with the way families fulfill basic societal needs, such as raising children responsibly, providing economical support, and emotional security. Key Concepts Social Institution- Family Structure Family Functions Functional Alternatives Theorist/ Individual- Social Scientist Strength and Weaknesses- Some of the strengths is that it analyzes the way families raise their kids, as well as how the family meets the needs of its members. The weaknesses of this theory is that it analyzes the family as a whole, as opposed to analyzes each person individually and how they deal with each other. What You Think- I think that each perspective is uniquely different and this perspective analyzes how families fulfill its members needs. The needs that they analyze, are basically what makes a family functional. These needs are things that each members needs to feel like they play a part in the unit. 4. The Interaction- Constructionist Perspective By means of interaction, humans construct socio-cultural meanings. The internal dynamics of a group of interacting individuals construct the family. Key Concepts Interaction Symbol Meaning Role Making Social Construction of Reality Destruction Postmodernism Theorist/ Individual Strength and Weaknesses- The strengths of this theory is that it looks at the family as a whole to see what is being done collectively to create the closeness. One of the weaknesses is that it does not look at the obvious, it should analyze the person that keeps the family together. Each member is following the lead of one person, who’s main goal is to keep the family together. What You Think- I think this theory basically analyzes family practices and what things, like rituals, bring them together, or create a apparent closeness. These are things that can be used to identify, or analyze another persons behavior, when they don’t come from a family like structure. 5. Exchange Theory- The resources that individuals bring to a relationship or family affect the formation,continuation, nature and power dynamics of a relationship. Social exchanges are compiled to create networks and social capital. This meaning that when people are engaged in social exchanges they limit their costs and maximize their rewards. Key Concepts Resources Rewards and Cost Family Power Social Networks Social Support Theorist/ Individual- Social Therapist Strength and Weaknesses- The strengths of this theory is that it analyzes relationships and people’s economic perspective on forming the relationships. The weaknesses are that the perspective analyzes the people’s economic perspective on forming relationships but it doesn’t analyze thoroughly what type of person they are, and how they attract friends, and form relationships. What You Think- I think this is a great theory. It basically means that when you are forming relationships with people you are analyzing what you can get from the relationship, as opposed to what you are giving in return, or what you have to bring to the table. It basically states the person with less committment to the relationship has more power.  This is because the person with less committments not the person competing for the relationship,as if they don’t care either way, whereas the other person actually cares and wants the relationship to bloom. 6. Family Systems Theory- The family as a whole is more than the sum of its parts. This meaning that the family, becomes whole, although it is comprised of interrelated parts. Key Concepts System- a combination of elements or components that are integrated and organized as a whole. Equilibrium- balance Boundaries- ideas about who is in the family and who is out  Family Therapy- Theorist/ Individual- Psychotherapist Strength and Weaknesses- Some of the strengths are that the theory is that it bases its theory off of research of the family and how it is comprised of different parts. One weakness is that it does not analyze the different personalities within the family as well as the family interactions to determine what keeps them balanced. What You Think- I think that the Family Systems theory is a theory that basically researches the family and it looks at a system as a combination of elements. This is good because it looks at how the family actually interacts together. 7. Conflict and Feminist Theory- Gender is central to the analysis of the family; male dominance in society and in the family is oppresive of women. It is the opposite of structure functional theory. The theory argues that human physiology, genetics, and hormones predisposed individuals to certain behaviors. Key Concepts Male dominance Power Inequality- Theorist/ Individual- theoretical scientist/ social scientist Strength and Weaknesses- Some strengths of these two theories are that they basically analyze what causes certain people to be treated unfair and unequally. It basically tries to ask and answer the question as to what makes males more dominant than females. One of the weaknesses is that it can not effectively  answer this problem, nor solve it because it still exists. What You Think- Conflict Theory analyzes unequal Power. Feminist Theory analyzes gender issues. 8. The Biosocial Perspective- Evolution of the human species has put in place certain biological endowments that shape and limit family life choices. Key Concepts Evolutionary heritage Genes Hormones Brain Processes Inclusive Fitness Theorist/ Individual- Behaviorist Strength and Weaknesses- One of the strengths is that it analyzes the fact that a persons environment helps shape them. One of the weaknesses is that their research found that they could not the factors considered were dependent upon each other, as opposed to just one. What You Think- I think that this theory basically analyzes how a person sees the world and how their behaviors are affected by their environment and family life. 9.Attachment Theory- Early Childhood experience with caregivers shape psychological attachment styles. This brings forth the idea that during infancy and childhood a young person develops a style of attaching to people. Key Concepts Secure Insecure Anxious Attachment Styles Theorist/ Individual- Behaviorist Strength and Weaknesses- some of the strengths are that it analyzes why kids act the way they do and how they get attached to people. The weaknesses are that it does not leave the door open to explain if they are conditions that worsen the child’s ability to attach to a person, or What You Think- I think that the theory is dead on and it explains why a child acts a certain way towards people they don’t know, meeting new people, and why they don’t want to be seperated from their care giver.

Acute Exacerbation Of A Diabetic Foot Ulcer Nursing Essay

Acute Exacerbation Of A Diabetic Foot Ulcer Nursing Essay This paper will critically analyse the care of a patient with an acute exacerbation of a long term condition. It will address the importance of carrying out a holistic assessment and will seek to justify the care plan put in place to manage the patients condition. Confidentiality has been maintained in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery guidelines (NMC 2008). Tom is a 72 year old gentleman who was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes 15 years ago. He was started on medication to manage his diabetes 7 years ago but due to his worsening blood glucose control he has since been converted to insulin one year ago. Tom had been independent with the management of his diabetes with support from his local GP surgery. Recently he developed an ulcer on his right foot with resultant wound infection which made him unable to attend his surgery. Due to the wound infection he had been finding it difficult to keep his blood sugar levels within acceptable limits so he was referred to my caseload for diabetes and wound management. Managing long term conditions has become a priority in healthcare particularly due to the increasing prevalence of diseases such as diabetes which requires a heavy use of resources (DoH 2007a, Singh Armstrong 2005). There is a need to encourage patients to be as active as possible in their care which will help reduce the need for hospital admission through empowering patients and promoting self care. There is evidence that patients who understand their condition through support from healthcare professionals and are allowed to contribute fully in their care will result in less incidence of acute exacerbation (DoH 2006). However there has been difficulty in providing the on-going support and care co-ordination in the community that could prevent crisis events from occurring in the first place. This has lead to a key focus on the ways that this can be achieved in practice through such services as community matrons, rapid response and 24 hour district nursing services (DoH 2007b). Relating this specifically to diabetes; the implementation of expert patient programmes and DESMOND (Diabetes education and self management for ongoing and newly diagnosed) have sought to reduce the incidence of acute exacerbations and diabetes related complications through patient education and empowerment (NHS Choices 2011a, DoH 2001a). The government have placed the care required for those with long term conditions into three main groups; case management, disease management and self care (DoH 2007b). In this case, Tom required disease management of his diabetes and self care interventions. Acute exacerbation can be defined as a medical crisis of a chronic illness (Strauss et al 1984). More recently it has been described as an acute presentation of an existing major illness (The Kings Fund 2010). In this situation Toms existing illness was diabetes and the acute presentation was the development of a diabetic foot ulcer that had become infected and affected his blood sugar control. Recent statistics show that the number of people with diabetes has risen from 1.4 million to 2.9 million since 1996 and it is expected to rise significantly over the next 15 years (Diabetes UK 2011). The research also shows that diabetic foot problems account for more hospital stays than all other diabetic related problems put together and affect between 4-10% of diabetics (NHS Diabetes 2012, DoH 2001). Preventing foot problems in diabetics has been a priority in the UK over the past 10 years which has been highlighted in government publications such as NICE guidance and the National Service Framework for Diabetes (NICE 2008, NICE 2004, DoH 2001a). Despite these publications a survey carried out in 2007 found that 23% of diabetics did not receive a foot check which has contributed to the introduction of the Putting Feet First Framework emphasising the need for appropriate assessment and management of diabetic feet (Diabetes UK 2011b). Mason et al (1999) indicate that patients who are at high risk of foot complications must be identified. The National Service Framework for Diabetes supports this view and indicates that patients must have annual foot checks and access to specialist foot care clinics with timely referrals (DoH 2001b). In my area of practice we have an integrated care pathway in place for diabetic foot wounds that aims to provide the patient with optimal care. An integrated care pathway involves a multidisciplinary approach for a specific condition that aims to ensure a seamless approach to care and helps healthcare professionals make clinical decisions (Middleton, Barnett Reeves 2001). As soon as Tom was under my caseload, I referred him straight away to the local diabetic foot clinic as the NICE guidance for foot care states that patients with an ulcer should be referred within 24 hours (NICE 2004). It was important that Tom received specialist input quickly as he currently had a localised infection which placed him at risk of systemic infection and amputation if the infection was not resolved (Edmonds Foster 2006). The foot clinic consisted of a team of podiatrists, Clinical Nurse Specialists in Diabetes, a Dietician and a Diabetologist. When Tom came back from his first appointment, he had already started on the integrated care pathway which we used as our primary documentation between services. This benefited Toms care as it improved the continuity and quality of the documentation (Roberts Middleton 2000, Renholm, Leion-Kilpi Suominen 2002). Also, due to having diabetes nurse specialists at the clinic this meant that his medication regime could be reviewed a s well as receiving specialist foot care. The aim was to reduce his blood sugar levels as the hyperglycaemia was preventing his ulcer from healing and there is a general consensus that improving glycaemic control improves wound healing and prevents the risk of acute complications (Mcintoish 2007, Meyer 1996). Through Tom seeing the multidisciplinary team in one environment and by utilising the ICP, this prevented his care from becoming fragmented. Also due to having access to specialist clinicians in the field of diabetic foot management this enabled him to receive expert advice and care. This was evident in the management of his wound infection where judicious prescribing of antibiotics took place by specialist clinicians (Timmons et al 2009). This was vital in preventing any further deterioration in Toms health and managing the acute exacerbation. Tom visited the foot clinic once a week and a wound care plan was constructed until a review needed to be carried out. This is where the importance of a holistic assessment took place taking into consideration the social, physical and psychological factors that impacted on the situation (Higgleton et al 1999). The research also indicates that the quality of holistic assessment is enhanced by ensuring the patient participates at all times (RCN 2004). By allowing Tom to contribute to the assessment process it enabled the care provided to become personalised and reflected his needs and not what we assumed them to be. Firstly it was vital that we carried out a physical wound assessment on each visit to Tom using the assessment tool in the integrated care pathway. It was important that we used the same assessment tool with an effective understanding of its use as studies have shown that nurses fail to assess wounds effectively (Dowsett 2009, Mcintosh Ousey 2008). Through using the integrated pathway it meant that all nursing staff were using the same assessment tools which ensured effective continuity of care. Nixon et al (2006) found that those who had a diabetic foot ulcer were 5.1 times more likely to have been wearing poorly fitting shoes and this was evident in Toms assessment with the Podiatrist. In the integrated pathway it was documented that he had a high degree of peripheral neuropathy after an assessment was carried out and his shoes were ill fitting. The presence of neuropathy had contributed to the formation of the ulcer as Tom was not able to feel the damaging pressure on his foot caused by inappropriate footwear. This situation needed intervention so he had full assessment of his feet and given choices on available footwear that took into account his preferences. Holistic assessment was a key factor in ensuring concordance as the footwear that the Podiatrist wanted him to wear may not have been agreeable to Tom and he may have refrained from wearing them continuously as directed. This would have lead to a further deterioration in the ulcer condition but through effective par tnership working they were able to come to a joint decision that was acceptable to Tom and the Podiatrist. This ensured that the assessment took into account his physical, social and psychological needs. Preventing deterioration in the foot ulcer had started with the assessment of his feet and footwear but it required more intervention in the form of patient education. Valk et al (2005) found that providing patients with information and education positively influences their behaviour to take responsibility for their foot health. This meant ensuring that Tom carried out things such as regular skin care and nail care and empowered him to take ownership of his care (DoH 2001).The only difficulty with checking his feet daily was that he was unable to bend down to apply any moisturising cream to his feet which was dealt with by assessing his social support network. He did not have any close relatives but he made the decision to obtain a private carer to help him with this twice a week. Toms current active foot ulcer and increased education from the multi-disciplinary team on the high risk of amputation had enabled him to make an informed decision to prevent further deterioration. Central to promoting the healing of diabetic foot ulcers is ensuring adequate nutrition (Thompson Furhrman 2005) but often the quality of nutritional assessments carried out in practice are poor (Johnstone 2006, Cartwright 2002). NICE guidance clearly states that diabetics with foot problems should receive specialist dietary advice (NICE 2008). In the foot clinic Tom was able to be seen by a dietician who was able to carry out a comprehensive assessment and plan of care that would help improve his dietary lifestyle with the aim to improve his blood sugar control. A significant factor in the nutritional assessment was that it was ongoing whereby he would see the dietician every other week to determine his progress. Tom had been managing his diabetes independently prior to his foot ulceration and it was vital that he carried on doing so where possible. Promoting self care was not simply providing Tom with relevant information and education about his condition; it was also about increasing his confidence (DoH 2009). Due to the uncontrolled blood sugars he had to be started on new insulin and he felt that he needed some support and supervision. A survey found that only 38% of diabetics received any psychological support during their care (DoH 2008) so it was at this point that we needed to provide him with the psychological and social support to sustain his self care. Together we were able to form a care plan that would be reviewed on a weekly basis. The district nursing team would visit him when his insulin was due to provide support and ensure he was injecting correctly. The support given to Tom needed to be tailored to his requirements by ensuring that information was given in the correct format (Mcintosh 2008). Those patients who have lived with diabetes for many years often have some form of reduced eyesight secondary to diabetic retinopathy or maculopathy (NHS choices 2011b). In Toms care he had reduced eyesight but he was still able to read with prescription glasses. This assessment showed that he would benefit from written leaflets but this needed to be followed up with verbal consultations. I gave him the necessary leaflets on diabetic foot care but ensured that we enabled him to ask questions if he felt this was necessary when we visited him at home. The primary aim was to meet his needs effectively and create optimal self care through education and empowerment. This assignment has critically examined the management of an acute exacerbation of diabetes with the assistance of a specialist foot clinic. Through timely referral processes, multidisciplinary input and the use of an integrated pathway it allowed the exacerbation to be controlled and managed in the community without the need for hospital care. This is particularly pertinent when the research describes the prevalence of diabetes and the intensive resources it frequently requires from secondary care to manage the acute complications of this condition. This episode of care has shown the positive effects of a specialist diabetic foot clinic which emphasises the need standardised care and access to this service across the UK. It has demonstrated how joined up care in the community helps to ensure a seamless approach to patient care in relation to a long term condition. This paper has also identified the importance of holistic assessment in the management of diabetic foot ulceration which ensures patients needs are fully addressed and assists them in achieving optimal self care. There needs to be an emphasis on educating and empowering patients but this must be provided in the correct format taking into account the patients requirements and literacy needs at all times.

An Analysis of Poetic Justice in Macbeth

An Analysis of Poetic Justice in Macbeth The play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare is a story about a man named Macbeth and his quest for power. In the beginning of the play, Macbeth is a brave and noble soldier, who is crowned as Thane of Cawdor by King Duncan. After becoming Thane of Cawdor he and Banquo come across three witches who give them each three predictions. The witches predict that Macbeth will become the Thane of Glamis, the thane of Cawdor and then King. At first these predictions mean nothing to Banquo and Macbeth, but then Macbeth starts thinking that if the witches were right about one prophecy, then it must be true that he will become King. This prophecy mixed with the influence of his wife, lead him to kill King Duncan. After Macbeth became King, Macduff and Banquo have suspicions that it was Macbeth who slayed Duncan. Macbeth kills Banquo and tries to kill Macduff to avoid being caught, unfortunately Macduff has already assembled an army to kill Macbeth. When the army reaches Macbeth, Macduff figh ts him and kills him. With Macbeth gone, Malcolm rightfully becomes King of Scotland. The conclusion of Macbeth contains a high degree of poetic justice because of the slaying of Macbeth, Macduff being the man to slay Macbeth, Malcolm becoming King of Scotland and Lady Macbeth committing suicide. In the beginning of the story we get a false impression of Macbeth, because we see him as a brave, loyal and trusted soldier. After he kills King Duncan, we see Macbeth as an evil, greedy and power-hungry. Macbeth continues his murderous ways when he kills Banquo and tries to kill Fleance so they couldnt be his successor as King. Then Macbeth kills Macduffs family, because he knows hat Macduff has a suspicion that he killed King Duncan. Macbeth is truly a murderer that has gotten away with everything he has done. Macbeth realizes that he has changed and cant go back: â€Å" I am in blood. Steppd in so far that should I wade no more, returning were as tedious as go oer.† (3.4. 136-138). Poetic justice is established when Macbeth is slain, because he had killed many people, all of which were innocent and had done nothing wrong to Macbeth. He finally gets proper justice when Macduff kills him for his actions throughout the play. Macduff is the Thane of Fife and is one of the first people to suspect that Macbeth killed King Duncan. Macbeth is aware that Macduff suspects him as the murderer, so he sends out men to kill him. When Macbeths men get to Macduffs castle he is not there, but his family is and the men kill Macduffs family. Macduff learns that his family has been killed: â€Å" All my pretty ones? Did you say all? O hell-kite! All? What all my pretty chickens, and their dam at one fell swoop?† (4.3.216-218). This shows the love that Macduff had for his family and how sad he became when he knew he would never see them again. Poetic justice is established when Macduff slays Macbeth because he gets justice for what Macbeth did to his family by killing the man who made him lose his whole family which he cared for so much. Malcolm is the eldest son of king Duncan and the rightful heir to his throne. When King Duncan is killed, Malcolm was the next in line and should have became king, but instead he fled to England out of fear of being suspected as his fathers murderer. Since Malcolm and his younger brother Donalbain fled, there was no one to take the throne other than Macbeth. Poetic justice occurs when Malcolm becomes King of Scotland because he was supposed to be King since King Duncans death but instead Macbeth becomes king. Malcolm gets his poetic justice when he finally gets what he rightfully deserved since his father died. Lady Macbeth is the wife of Macbeth and is an influencing factor in Macbeths decision to kill King Duncan. Without her influence Macbeth may not have killed King Duncan. It was her influence that made her feel guilty, because she knew she was just as much a part of the murder as Macbeth was. This guilt leads her to start sleepwalking, where she attempts to wash blood off her hands during her sleep. Although the play never mentions why she committed suicide it is most likely that it was because she couldnt live with the guilt she felt. Poetic justice occurs when Lady Macbeth commits suicide because she was a big part of the murder of King Duncan and gets what she deserved when she kills herself because of her own guilt. She deserved to die because of what she did to influence Macbeth into killing King Duncan. In conclusion, the ending of the play Macbeth provides a high degree o Poetic Justice as a result of

Edgar Allan Poe :: essays research papers

Edgar Allan Poe Poe, Edgar Allan, known as a poet and critic but most famous as the first master of the short-story form, especially tales of the mysterious and macabre. The literary merits of Poe's writings have been debated since his death, but his works have remained popular and many major American and European writers have professed their artistic debt to him. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Poe was orphaned in his early childhood and was raised by John Allan, a successful businessman of Richmond, Virginia. Taken by the Allan family to England at the age of six, Poe was placed in a private school. Upon returning to the United States in 1820, he continued to study in private schools. He attended the University of Virginia for a year, but in 1827 his foster father, displeased by the young man's drinking and gambling, refused to pay his debts and forced him to work as a clerk. Poe, disliking his new duties intensely, quit the job, thus estranging Allan, and went to Boston. There his first book, Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827), was published anonymously. Shortly afterward Poe enlisted in the U.S. Army and served a two-year term. In 1829 his second volume of verse, Al Aaraaf, was published, and he effected a reconciliation with Allan, who secured him an appointment to the U.S. Military Academy. After only a few months at the academy Poe was dismissed for neglect of duty, and his foster father disowned him permanently. Poe's third book, Poems, appeared in 1831, and the following year he moved to Baltimore, where he lived with his aunt and her 11-year-old daughter, Virginia Clemm. The following year his tale â€Å"A MS. Found in a Bottle† won a contest sponsored by the Baltimore Saturday Visitor. From 1835 to 1837 Poe

Education has Lost Touch with its Origin and its Meaning Essay

Education has Lost Touch with its Origin and its Meaning "It is only when all these things, names and definitions, visual and other sensations are rubbed together and subjected to tests in which questions and answers are exchanged in good faith and without malice that finally, when human capacity is stretched to its limit, a spark of understanding and intelligence flashes out and illuminates the subject at hand." Plato had this to say about dialogue and its importance to the process of education. Does this sound like the educational system that is in place today in the United States? Odds are that it does not. What does being educated mean anyway? What is an undergraduate university education? These questions have been debated for centuries, and they are still relevant today. Many people feel that being educated is going to college and making good grades so that a diploma, the mark of an educated person, can be received. Does that diploma really signify that a person is educated? It does, if being educated means being able to p ass a series of tests and courses at the university level, but is that what it's all about? Many college students, and parents, feel that this is what being educated is. These people, it could be said, are missing the benefit boat when it comes to taking full advantage of what an undergraduate education has to offer. Being educated is more than taking notes and passing tests, it is in fact, a participatory process that takes place between students and faculty, through dialogue, all drawing out the best from each other. Through this process, a student develops an understanding of himself in relation to his community, and the rest of the world. With this comes benefits, both for t... ...ht, it is a privilege." At times, a privilege afforded to an individual by their government. It seems, at times, in this era that the idea of what an undergraduate education really means has been lost. For many it has been. That is a tragedy, but there is hope for others. A true university education is available for all who wish to pursue it. It can be achieved if the student enters the university open-minded and ready to participate in a free exchange of dialogue with other students and faculty. Only then will that person, and society receive the full benefits that a university education has to offer. A society filled with people who understand themselves in relation to the others around them is a much better place to live. Socratic dialogue says about education, "We come together to learn about ourselves and our world. We look within to see without."

Ethics: Utilitarianism Essay

Ask a passerby to describe his personal morality, and you’ll likely get a complicated explanation filled with ifs, ands, and buts. Ask a utilitarian, and he can give a six-word response: greatest good for the greatest number. Of course, utilitarianism is not that simple. Like any philosophical system, it is the subject of endless debate. Still, for the average reader who is unfamiliar with the jargon that characterizes most philosophy, utilitarianism can be a useful tool in deciding before an action whether or not to carry it out or, after an action, whether or not a moral choice was made. Most credit the economist Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) as utilitarianism’s principal author. Bentham described his thinking as the â€Å"greatest happiness principle,† and his idea was elaborated upon in the nineteenth century by John Stuart Mill in his classic work, Utilitarianism (1863). In that book, Mill develops three critical components of utilitarianism: an emphasis on results, individual happiness, and total happiness (by which he means the happiness of everyone affected by an action). Results: Mill expanded Bentham’s definition of utilitarianism to argue that â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. †[1] This means that utilitarians care only about the results of an action. Other factors that we typically consider when making moral judgments about an action, including a person’s motive or his expectations about the results, do not matter in utilitarianism. A utilitarian would say that a man who shoots another by accident is guilty of murder, whether or not the shooting was an accident. Conversely, the man with â€Å"murder in his heart† who tries to shoot another but misses cannot be held morally accountable for the act. In utilitarianism, only the results matter. Individual happiness: The second component of utilitarianism is Mill’s idea of happiness, by which he means pleasure. As individuals making moral choices, we should seek to act in ways that maximize happiness and minimize pain (which Mill defines as â€Å"the reverse of happiness†). In promoting the maximum happiness, Mill is not advocating a life of food, sex and sleep. He specifically states that not all pleasures are created equal: â€Å"Few human creatures would consent to be changed into any of the lower animals,† he writes, â€Å"for a promise of the fullest allowance of a beast’s pleasures; no intelligent human being would consent to be a fool, no instructed person would be an ignoramus. †[2] For Mill, a hierarchy of pleasures exists, with human pleasures such as love rising to the top of the list. Falling in love or being moved by a song or poem are greater goods to a utilitarian than eating a delicious sandwich, not because love and music and poetry are different in kind than the physical pleasure of eating, but because these are especially profound pleasures. Total happiness: The third defining aspect of utilitarianism is its emphasis on the total happiness, by which Mill means the happiness of all people affected by an action. To decide if an action is moral, a utilitarian will conduct an accounting of the pleasure and pain associated with that act. If the sum total of pleasure outweighs the sum total of pain, the action is considered moral; if not, immoral. Take as an example the case of price-fixing, the government’s setting of minimum prices for goods such as milk to protect farmers from ruin. Is price-fixing moral? Utilitarians would think through this question as follows: When the government (as opposed to the free market) sets the bottom-line price for milk, every consumer suffers moderate pain since the government artificially raises the cost of milk above what the marketplace, operating according to the laws of supply and demand, would otherwise charge. Large consumers who depend on milk (for example, ice cream manufacturers) may suffer severely if the price is kept artificially high. And that increased cost would no doubt be passed on to millions of consumers in the form of increased costs for ice cream. But if the dairy farmers don’t get price protection, they may go bankrupt—in which case a far greater cost would be paid: no one would be able to buy milk or milk products. Price fixing, then, helps farmers stay in business at the expense of ice cream manufacturers and consumers. Is that expense justified? Utilitarians would answer on a case-by-case basis after a careful balancing of benefits to a few with the increased (though small) cost to the many. [3] Individuals as well as governments can be guided by utilitarian thinking. Take the question of organ donation. Is it moral for the family member of a recently (and perhaps tragically) deceased person to grant doctors permission to harvest their loved one’s organs? Utilitarianism’s â€Å"greatest happiness† principle demands any personal sacrifice in which the total amount of pleasure produced outweighs the costs in pain, even if the person making the choice receives none of the benefits. Other philosophers place a priority on individual liberty and object to using one person (even a dead person or dead person’s body parts) for another’s benefit. Utilitarians, by contrast, conclude that such actions are morally necessary. The emotional pain of a family that has lost a loved one is very real. But to utilitarians, the extra pain caused by organ donation is a measure of pain on top of the pain of having already lost a family member. That extra measure of pain must be less than the happiness that results when a life is saved through a transplanted organ. Thus, if the family uses the principle of greatest happiness to guide its decision, then they will agree to the harvesting of organs. A more controversial example of using utilitarianism to make moral decisions involves the ethics of torture. It is sometimes argued that utilitarianism would allow the torture of a prisoner if the torture induced a confession that could save lives, a practice that is strictly outlawed in international law. In a society where this interpretation of utilitarianism was widely accepted, police would be able to inflict any amount of pain on an individual in order to save even one life. This final example highlights one aspect of utilitarianism that is often criticized. Although the greatest happiness principle is easy to understand, its application can lead to some unsettling results. One can imagine a society’s interest in achieving the â€Å"greatest happiness† justifying all kinds of abuses in the name of morality. Utilitarians, in fact, cannot easily explain why torture is morally wrong. Still, in guiding people through more ordinary decisions, utilitarianism has remained popular among both philosophers and non-philosophers. All of us need help sometimes in deciding on the right course of action. Utilitarianism has provided that help for philosophers and common folk alike for two hundred years. ———————– [1] John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, 2001) 7. [2] Mill, 9. [3] Robert W. McGee, â€Å"Some Thoughts on Anti-dumping Laws: Utilitarianism, Human Rights and the Case for Appeal,† European Business Review 96 (1996): 30.

For Environmental Balance, Pick Up a Rifle Essay

In the article â€Å"For Environmental Balance, Pick up a Rifle† by Nicholas Kristof, the author informs the reader about the importance of hunting, arguing that hunting needs to be brought back in the United States to control the deer population. He talks about the negative impact deer have caused in death of people by car accidents and with the destruction of the ecosystem with their overpopulation. The majority of deer have had a profoundly unnatural effect in certain parts of New York and New Jersey. Kristof notes that these days many people view hunting as a cruel and brutal and are opting for other methods for deer control due to their sympathy for deer. He states that it is a waste of time and money for liberals and conservatives to be using birth control and condoms; to prevent pregnancy to the deer. With the decline in hunting practices in North America, further environmental imbalance continues, which makes hunting an ecological necessity. If hunting were to increase in the coming years, individuals would be able to participate in the outdoors and enjoy nature. However, Kristof is an unreliable source in the knowledge of animal control and uses ineffective persuasion on this controversial topic. When it comes to experts on animal control, environmentalists spend an excruciating amount of time examining animals that have had a habitat interference with the ecosystem. Nicholas Kristof is not a reliable source of information; he has based his article off of an outsider’s point of view. While a column piece points out issues associated within our society, Kristof has yet to have the appropriate background and information to support his claim. Growing up on a farm in Oregon, studying law, and working as a columnist in The New York Times, gives some insight as to why Kristof wrote the article in the first place. This is because his audience includes a wide range of people; from highly educated to hardly any education. He is  writing in a city where hunting is a foreign concept, which leads Kristof to writing a commentary piece that relates to other topics individuals know about rather than the information of the deer in general. For example, he states â€Å"It’s s till true that in a typical year, an American is less likely to be killed by Osama bin Laden than by Bambi† giving the reader irrelevant material that has nothing to do with the topic of deer control. The author often states statistics that are in his favor, so his point is substantiated. In an article, â€Å"Journal of Wildlife Management† by Clinton Faas talks about how people generalize all deer as something harmful without considering the different types of deer. Not many people know about the axis and white-tailed deer that have had a negative impact throughout the environment. While in the article Kristof’s states that â€Å"The New Jersey Audubon Society this year advocated deer hunting as an ecological necessity.† (Kristof, 13) Yet while researching the Audubon Society it states that the white-tail deer made resources scarce in the ecosystem and it shows no sign of resorting to the concept of hunting. Nicholas Kristof takes the word deer throughout his article and made an assumption that all deer are harmful to society. The idea that hunting deer should be encouraged for the benefit of society and that it connects people with nature is remarkably repugnant in Nicholas Kristof’s â€Å"For the Environmental Balance, Pick up a Rifle.à ¢â‚¬  Many animal activists, such as the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) would agree that animals are not ours to use for food, clothing, experimentation, or entertainment. The reason that it is important to treat other living things with dignity and respect is because they have the capacity to suffer as people do. We are told that it is wrong to hurt other people, physically and mentally. Although in the article Kristof becomes indulged in the fact that animals are the problem in society and should be put down for it. For instance he quotes â€Å"So it’s time to reestablish a balance in the natural world, by accepting the idea that hunting is as natural as bird watching.† (Kristof, 18) Yet the majority of the environments issues are caused by human actions. For example, misguided construction, irrigation and mining can deface the natural landscape and disrupt important ecological processes. Aggressive fishing and hunting can deplete entire stocks of species. Human migration can introduce alien competitors to native food chains. While reading Nicholas Kristof’s article,  I analyzed and exposed the unreliable information he provide d. He stated statics that were vague and unspecific, misguiding the reader with irrelevant facts on other topics, and did not have the appropriate background to be considered an expert on the problem of animal control. Overall, hunting is not the way to control the deer population nor has the author convinced his reader.

Growth Of Population And Resources Environmental Sciences Essay

Garrett Hardin foremost wrote â€Å" The Tragedy of the Commons † , and was published in his diary Science in 1968, and it is one of the much talked about in the universe of today. He mentioned the calamity of parks as the developments of worlds on environment by giving specific illustration on 4 herders and their attitude towards environment ( Hardin, 1968 ) . It gained impulse during agricultural revolution and was restricted to depletion of environment by over graze or by hapless agricultural patterns. Hardin specially discusses about the effects that society face as a consequence of the action towards environment to deduce benefits. The effects faced by the present universe can be due to depletion of Resources and the affect on ecosystem. The calamity of parks has now become a cardinal of understanding for many local and planetary ecological jobs. Calamity of common is non applicable in modern universe because Hardin has given illustration about the grazing land and it is limited to a certain country and he focused chiefly on debasement caused by worlds straight where as in todays universe the affect on environment is caused by other factors for case the pollution caused by mills ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution ) . His statement although had brought a batch of unfavorable judgment but the result of the present universe is really much related to what might hold happened during his clip. The Earth can be an illustration of a grazing land and the four herders and the cattles responsible for the depletion are the human population utilizing the resources and the engineering responsible for rapid diminution in resources. It has besides developed much attending to research workers and experts and to work on it ( Crowe, 1977 ) . Those plants include the research on behavioural scientific disciplines, from psychological science to political scientific discipline and from economic sciences to biology. The environmental jobs of today are due to population det onation, human greed and are now pulling more attending towards economic development ( www.freedom21agenda.org ) . Human population is turning at an exponential rate and their stuff wants excessively, where as the resources to bring forth wants that the Earth provides is minimum and non plenty to do the turning population ( Malthus, 1798 ) . Resources are non plenty to run into the huge population and as a consequence the impact on environment is terrible. Human have unlimited wants and the impulse to fulfill their wants is chief ground for development of natural resources. The environmental job related to present universe is chiefly due to unsustainable usage of resources. Worlds greed has exceeded the capacity and alternatively of utilizing the resources at sustainable degree they have started to utilize more resources to maximise production because people consume more as compared to those in olden yearss. Peoples explore and deplete non renewable resources and utilizing resources like ne'er used earlier. Renewable resources are depleted faster that they can non be renewed so therefore there is more force per unit area on resources. The chief job that present coevals faces is promotion of economic development. Harmonizing to study of Brundtland Commission of United Nations, the developed states have already exhausted their ain resources and face the challenges from developing states. The impact on environment by developed states was monolithic and the result is witnessed today and if the development states follow the footfalls of developed states the effects will be a catastrophe. The existent unrecorded state of affairs faced by Caspian Sea on depletion of piscaries provides one of the best illustrations of effects of the human impact. The present carnal species of Caspian Sea has deteriorated to an extent that it faces a menace of extinction in future. The chief ground for the diminution was deficiency of cooperation among those states who portion and uses the resources and hapless direction ( Pourkazemi, 2006 ) . However the low resources could be solved if the people come up with some possible solutions to get the better of the jobs. Some Potential solution could be modulating the usage of resources, making and apportioning rights to resources and Population control and sustainable usage of resources. However, all these solutions will be successful if the Government takes enterprises in explicating programs and effectual execution to work out the corporate action job. However those solutions will non be successful because people, societies and states have different sentiment and even International Organization such as United Nations ( UN ) face tough challenges to convert member Nations to command and forestall nature from development ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.un.org/en/global issues/environment ) . The calamity of parks is really much related to the actions and effects of our present universe. It is clear that the universe has reached at the phase where everything has become scarce and expensive. Human existences have to make up one's mind whether the limited stock the Earth has at the minute should be used at a sustainable rate or maintain on working the limited resources and face the effects. The calamity of parks as explained by Garrett in 1968 is apprehensible even by the populace. It was found in in-between ages where the most common adult male was outstanding during those times. This likely must hold happened during Agricultural revolutions because there is adequate grounds to turn out and back up this statement. The Calamity of parks is a really good illustration, and the writer mentioned about worlds exploitation to natural universe and different sentiment of single or degree of cooperation at international degree in restricting overexploitation of natural resources. Ga rrett has really given the privilege to conceive of about the grazing land land opened to 4 herders. While reflecting the article, is an illustration ( foremost sketched booklet by Lloyd, 1833 ) , affecting mediaeval land term of office in Europe, of Herders sharing a common package of land, on which they are each entitled to allow their cattles graze. The four herders are sharing the grazing land land, which can merely back up 24 cattles before it gets depleted. Each one of them was supposed to hold 3 cattles each. Now its debatable here how four of them would wish to pull off the grazing land land. The three Environmental motor graduated table ( Schultz, 2000 ) or personal motive for the environmental concern is effectual here. If one of them decides to add one more cow, he will have all the benefits of the cow, but it is obvious he portions merely of the cost to the corporate grazing land. He earns a net income. This will actuate the other herder and they besides start to add mor e cattles to maximise net incomes. This shows all the cow Herders have egocentric concern for the environment and this will decidedly hold a negative impact on environment. Soon they will transcend 24 cattles and the graze cow will overdrive and consume the grazing land. They knew this could go on but out of greed for privation of more net income they over use the grazing land. If anyone of them had the selfless and limits himself, this would hold affected him due to overdrive of the grazing land by others, he would hold suffered while others have profited. The other solution could be that if they have divided the land, each one would hold had the privilege to take attention of the land allotted or divided to them and this might hold accounted for true cost, or if they have all cooperated and reciprocally decided to pull off the land, this would hold accounted for true cost, together, ( Hardin, Science 162 ) . Worlds have undergone tonss of passages since centuries ago, from mobile life to major agricultural revolution followed by Industrial and Post Industrial Revolutions. Prehistoric Societies have contributed to dramatic transmutation of human societies. The manner of life of Human changed as passage took topographic point. Population increased and demand for more nutrient has resulted in alteration in Environment ( Adapted from: Brant, E. ( 1995 ) . People allow this happened chiefly for three grounds: Figure: 1.1 Picture picturing Prehistoric Societies ( Human Transitions ) The ever-growing Human Population around the universe has become one of the major causes of negative impacts on environment. Harmonizing to Economics, it states that human wants are limitless and the resources to run into satisfaction to human stuff wants are scarce. The Malthusian theory clearly explains that while the adult male could increase his subsistence merely in arithmetical patterned advance, his figure tended to increase in geometrical patterned advance, ( Malthus, The Essay, p.479 ) . The Population is turning at an dismaying rate while the nutrient to feed the turning population is minimum. Most underdeveloped states in Asia are extremely populated and most of the people are below poorness line. The sums of nutrient produced are non plenty to run into the demand of huge population, so they import from other industrialised states that produces nutrient at a larger graduated table. Unless the population is non brought down, people particularly in developing states will go on to endure and Population populating below poorness line will increase. Population growing is hence regarded as the principal cause of poorness and destitute states of Asia and Africa suffer for privation of adequate nutrient to last, while developed states would most volitionally continue to contrive new and advanced engineering to bring forth more nutrient expeditiously and this will impact the Environment. So, both rich and hapless states contribute to debasement of Natural resources but in different ways. Fig 1.2: Graph demoing illustration of Growth of Population and Resources. In modern universe the calamity of parks can associate to Environmental issues such as Sustainability. The common jobs of todays societies are the consequence of assortments of resource jobs. The resources include H2O, land, and non-renewable energy beginnings such as oil and coal. The most recent illustration of depletion of wood is in the state of Madagascar. About 90 % of the wood is lost in Madagascar, ( CNN intelligence, 25-08-2012 ) . The chief cause of forest depletion is due to uncluttering of wood for agribusiness, and deforestation by forest fire ( slash and burn ) . The people hunt chiropterans in big figure and hence cause hapless pollenation procedure by natural pollinators. Originally the wood had highest concentration of forest species but due to over usage it has resulted in drastic loss in forest species. This happened chiefly due to hapless direction and the greed of people and most of the woods are non protected under jurisprudence. All these effects are as a conse quence of greed to bring forth more and devour more. The greed of human existences is beyond bound, because there are competitions from all degrees, globally and at the individual degrees. The impulse to go rich and better than others had led to debasement of natural resources. Figure 1.3 Graph demoing theoretical accounts of population growing taking to resource depletion, this can ensue in worsening nutrient production, industrial end product, and population. The planetary economic system uses those limited resources at an dismaying rate for economic development due to stiff competition faced by economic universe. The developed states over use the resources and creates inordinate pollution in the signifier of air, land and H2O. The pollution caused by those states knows no boundary and hence this affects the state that preserve and protects the environment. The impact on environment due to overdrive of natural resources can even be seen today. Most of the states in the universe focal point more on economic development and non on conserving and protecting the Environment. Those few states like Bhutan alternatively of concentrating more on developments puts a batch of attempt in protecting the environment, but can still experience the affect of pollution, ( climate alteration and green house consequence ) . Even hapless states focus more on economic development of their state to cut down poorness. The desire for privation of adequate nutrie nt or to vie with other states economically has about encouraged industrialised states to bring forth more and this has resulted in debasement of resources. Hence, most of the states act in their ain best ego involvements and ignore whats best for the universe. One of the life illustrations of depletion of resources is the Caspian Sea sturgeon preservation and piscaries. Caspian Sea is one of the largest bing Salt lakes in the universe. It is accumulated by 130 rivers changing in size and the rivers delivers about 79 % of the entire H2O while remainder is in the signifier of Atmospheric precipitation as rain ( 20.2 % ) and land H2O ( 0.8 % .On an Average the Caspian Sea salt ( incorporating salt ) is equal to 13 ppt. and it was categorized as a brackish H2O organic structure because of presence of unpleasant salt ( Klige and Mayagkov, 1992 ) . The huge Caspian Sea is rich in biodiversity and is place to around 1354 workss and carnal species and 122 fish species. The big staying sum of universe sturgeon ( sea and fresh H2O fish ) are besides in the Caspian sea and estimated 80 % to 90 % of caviar are produced and sold all around the world..At present a sum of 854 carnal species is recorded of which 53 are chiefly marine fish ( 43.5 % ) , 42 are fresh H2O species ( 34.4 % ) , 18 are anadromous species ( 7.4 % ) , ( kazancheyey, 1981 ) . About 25 different species form a group considered as commercially of import fish consisting of straddling stocks and they are distributed all over the Caspian Sea and their piscary requires co-management between member states for sustainable usage in future. However, harmonizing to the official statistics studies released showed that there was monolithic lessening in sturgeon resources from 28.5 thousand metric tons, 1985 to 1345 dozenss in 2005.The Caspian sea sturgeon resources have faced terrible fluctuation during the last century. Maximum sturgeon gimmick within the basin was 39400 metric tons in the beginning of twentieth century, ( Ivanov, et.al,1999 ) . Research conducted by Pourkazemi, 2006 reveals that during 1900 -1915 the mean sturgeon gimmick excepting supplies from Iran was 26.5 1000 metric tons. Sturgeon gimmicks declined drastically to 11000 metric tons during the period between 1920 and 1965, chiefly due to over catching of sturgeon juveniles and immature fish. The ground for rapid diminution was due to illegal fishing and poaching, and was partially recorded during the two universe wars but it was until the prostration of former Soviet Union that led to worsen in the resources due to miss of proper direction and control. In 1992 Commission of Aquatic Bio resources was established chiefly to develop a scheme to utilize and portion the resources rationally and to transport out the joint programme for preservation of the resources. In 1997 all sturgeon species were included into the CITES appendices ( COP-10, Harare ) , and was implemented in 1998. Several other joint programmes were besides developed to measure sturgeon stock, constitution of sturgeon gimmick and export quota and the preservation and proper direction of sturgeon resources. In a mean while several International Organization such as UNDP, FAO, European Commission and World Bank devel oped a regional programme to seek to work out resources state of affairs in the Caspian Sea. Despite all the understandings, ordinance and attempts put by all the regional and International Organizations, the job still remain unresolved and the sturgeon resources still face the hazard of terrible decrease. If the present regional and international strategies to cut sturgeon resources remain unsuccessful without any major betterment, the sturgeon species in the Caspian Sea pose a great menace of extinction in the hereafter. One of the possible solutions to the job is modulating the usage of resources and presenting the outwardnesss. One of the most common economical agencies of modulating a public good is through the infliction of revenue enhancements or levies to those responsible for debasement of natural resources. Examples include emanation and wastewater charges and user fees for waste disposal ( outwardnesss ) . Enforce more revenue enhancement on car industries who fail to fabricate pollution control autos. However, such attacks could be viewed negatively and unfavorable judgments will originate on policy shapers as money-raising exercisings. This is particularly the instance when the returns travel directly into general gross alternatively of being invested in ways to better direction of the resource. Another job with ordinance is that it does non assist to make any permanent consequence in the manner the resource is being used. It doesnt alteration peoples behavior. Regardless of what the ordin ances are or how they are being imposed, this attack is finally one of coercion and it relies upon public cooperation or a authorities willing to face sustained rebellion or work stoppage. Without general credence of the basic values behind the ordinance, or a common values system it can non work. Even in Bhutan the revenue enhancement imposed on import of cars from foreign states is in immense sum. The gross and imposts office collects revenue enhancements from boundary line town in Phuntsholing and those parts of revenue enhancements decidedly go for direction of Environment. Every twelvemonth all vehicles in Bhutan have to travel through emanation trial and required to pay for the services received. There is frequent look into up on the high manner by Traffic Police and functionaries from Road Safety and Transport Authority and if found without the emanation trial reception, a mulct will be charged and at some instant it may take to cancellation of vehicle enrollment. The Role of National Commission clearly states that the Agency is responsible to Prevent, control and abates environmental injury, including Pollution, ( Environmental Assessment Act, 2000 ) . Fig 1.4: Picture demoing old theoretical account vehicle providing on route doing pollution on the manner. The 2nd attack, spliting up the parks is into belongings rights. It attempts to maintain the unity O f the parks by curtailing entree to the resource so that it isnt wholly depleted. In add-on it offers a limited group of people the chance for personal addition if they manage the resource right. Its a method that is frequently used to fishing, where bounds are placed on the measures or types of fish allowed to be caught ; and in land glade, where quotas are set to stipulate how much land could be cleared yearly. It is besides being done through activities such as emanations merchandising. In Bhutan community forestry programme was introduced chiefly to apportion right to resource. Peoples in Bhutan, particularly those populating in rural countries, are largely dependent on forest in their daily activities. Community Forestry direction is introduced chiefly for sustainable usage and to cut down poorness. The Forest and Nature Conservation Act of Bhutan 1995 emphasized the rural commun ities in forestry services. It brought major alterations in forest direction by paving the manner for Community and Private Forestry. For the past few old ages at that place has been a enormous addition in the figure of community forest throughout Bhutan, with over 300 community woods and more go oning to set up. The community wood is supported by the National Forest Policy, the Forest and Nature Conservation Act and Rules of the Royal Government of Bhutan. Fig 1.5: Picture demoing Forest in Eastern Bhutan The Uncontrolled human population growing taking to over population is major job behind for development of environments to the extreme. Malthus had written 200 old ages ago that the power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the Earth to bring forth subsistence to adult male. Population when non controlled tends to increase in Geometric patterned advance. Malthus destiny of humanity is meaningless as the conservationist of today thinks. The efficient usage of resources by modern engineering and its improved medical patterns and the adequate supply of nutrient have brought down mortality enormously and accelerated the population growing rate. The Dramatic Increase in population has led to increased production of nutrient, shelter and vesture due to modern engineering. This evidently has led to worsen in ecology and inordinate loss in bio diverseness. During the last three centuries the population has accelerated at an dismaying rate. The population which took hundre d old ages for one billion populations to turn can now take merely 13 old ages for 1 billion populations to turn. Harmonizing statistics study from United Nations, population will duplicate in 2050 and it reveals that in 31st October last twelvemonth in 2011, population has reached 7 billion. An estimated 76 million people are added every twelvemonth and this is truly a serious job. Around 61 % of the population lives in Asia, with highest populated states of China with 1.3 billion and Indias population with 1 billion, 2002 estimation. This already shows that Earth can non defy the heavy population any longer. The lone solution is to cut down population by implementing programs and policies. This will enable the sustainable usage of the limited resources left by worlds for centuries. The democracy of China is one of the best illustrations for commanding population. The Growth rate of population in China is merely 0.6 and it has been revealed that in 2050 both China and India will ho ld an equal population with 1.6 billion each. The one kid policy in China brought down the population growing rate drastically over the old ages, ( www.prb.org, mid, 1999 ) . Jointing solutions to the calamity of the parks is one of the chief jobs of political Philosophy. In absence of enlightened opportunism, some signifier of authorization or federation is needed to work out the corporate action job. In a typical illustration, governmental ordinances can restrict the sum of a common good available for usage by any single. Permit systems for extractive economic activities including excavation, fishing, runing, farm animal and timber extraction are illustrations of this attack. Similarly, bounds to pollution are illustrations of governmental intercession. Alternatively, resource users themselves can collaborate to conserve the resource in the name of common benefit. Another solution for some resources is to change over common good into private belongings, giving the new proprietor a n inducement to implement its sustainability. This will hold more incentive to take attention of the private land and history for true cost. The cause of depletion of Natural Environment is due to Human Population. The Population is transcending the capacity of the Earth. Developing states in the universe are increasing population at an exponential rate and cause poorness, largely in Asian and African Countries. Human as compared to other life species are intelligent and are really good in utilizing resources and able to turn nutrient. However it has developed an pressing demand to increase resources to run into the demand of increasing Population. The impulse for privation of more and more nutrient for ingestion had encouraged the maximal usage of the limited resources. Depletion of Non renewable resources had reached its tallness, those resources one time used are gone everlastingly unlike the renewable resources like Air, Water and Land. The unsustainable usage of this resources will one twenty-four hours led to disappearing of the minerals and fossil fuels. Even the renewable resources are used to that extent that its being depleted faster than it can non be renewed. The increasing population uses the resources like ne'er used earlier because the degree of ingestion has increased drastically over times. The chief state of affairs of today is the inequalities among people and among the Nations. Most developing states have people below poorness line, even without basic necessities ( nutrient, H2O, shelter ) to last and besides these people live in hapless wellness conditions. This poorness state of affairs has allowed the people to concentrate on short-run endurance and these consequences in debasement of natural environment. The impacts on environment are contributed greatly by both developed and developing states. The Developed states of Japan, USA, Canada, Australia and other developed states contributes to around 18 % of the universes population but the usage of resources is beyond imaginativeness. Those developed states histories for around 88 % usage of resources around the universe and produces 75 % of the universes waste. The developing states of Asia, Africa and South American portions around 82 % of the universes population and still turning, and this will hold increasing impact on environment. Despite the high and increasing population in hapless states the sum of resource used is merely 12 % and generates waste of merely 25 % . However both rich and hapless have high impact on environment but in different ways ( Miller, G.T and Spool adult male, 2010 ) . Today, universe is confronting many jobs due to impact on environment, but there is no effectual solution to work out these serious jobs. The universe is at the phase of quandary and there is no option left, either to allow increasing population below poorness line to hunger to decease or utilize the resources left and so confront the effects. Peoples know what the conseque nce it will take to and the dismaying rate of population growing will be expected to duplicate in 2050 and the force per unit area on resources is increasing excessively. However on positive side engineering is progressing fast to undertake with societal and environmental jobs and it has proven over the old ages. Whatever the effects it could take to, merely clip will state, for the minute merely delay and ticker where these present human action will take to. Nothing is impossible and there is ever a solution for everything. Necessity is mother of innovations, Esther Bosrup