The Conformity And Group Pressure By Solomon Asch ( 1951 )...

Table of Contents Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Method 6 Participants 6 Materials 6 Stimulus 6 Experimental Design 7 Procedure 8 Results 9 Table 9 Graphs 11 Discussion 14 Conclusion 15 Bibliography 16 Plagiarism Report 16 Appendix 17 Introduction In pyschology conformity can be descibed as an indiviual’s tendency to follow the unspoken rules or behaviours of the social group to which he/she belongs to or wants to be apart of. Many psychologists including , Jenness (1932), Sherif (1935) both experimented in psychology, investigating conformity and group pressure. However, perhaps the most famous conformity experiment was done by Solomon Asch (1951) and his line judgment experiment. (McLeod 2007) Solomon Asch was a psychologist that conduced numerous expirments designed to illustrate the increasing conformity within social groups. The experiments also invesigated the effect the number of people present within the group had one the conformity rate. Asch hypothesized, â€Å" that the majority of the people would not conform to something obviosly wrong; however, when surrounded by (other) individuals all voicing an incorrect answer, 75% of them(the participant) will conform to the groups answer† (Watzlawick 1976) In the experiment solomon had two boards; one showing three lines of different lengths ( boardA) and another with one line( board B). The group of people were then asked which line on board A looked similar to the one on board B.Show MoreRelated Solomon Asch Conformity Experiments (1951) Essay1526 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1951, Solomon Asch carried out several experiments on conformity. The aim of these studies was to investigate conformity in a group environment situation. The purpose of these experiments was to see if an individual would be swayed by public pressure to go along with the incorrect answer. Asch believed that conformity reflects on relatively rational process in which people are pressured to change their behaviour. Asch designed experiments to measure the pressure of a group situation upon an individualRead MoreAnalysis Of The Asch Conformity Experiment1621 Words   |  7 Pages. One of my reference groups would be my teachers in the past throughout my k-12 grade ye ars and my professors now. I want to be successful one day so I work as hard as I possibly can in all of my classes to succeed. My teachers have made such a positive influence on me because they just give us their experiences that are good or bad and make sure we don’t make the same mistakes as them so we can succeed. Some students won’t care but I do because I want to be successful. So, all of the techniquesRead MoreCan People Resist Normative And Informational Social Influence?2005 Words   |  9 Pagesa fundamental human need to belong to social groups especially if people were to live and work together, it is likely that they need to agree on common beliefs, values, attitudes and behaviours in order to get along and fit-in. Thus, we learnt to conform to rules of other people, the more people see others behaving in a particular way or making particular decisions, the more likely people will feel obliged to follow the suit. This is called conformity and can be defin ed in different ways, AronsonRead MoreSocial Influence4418 Words   |  18 PagesSocial influence occurs when ones emotions, opinions, or behaviors are affected by others.[1] Social influence takes many forms and can be seen in conformity, socialization, peer pressure, obedience, leadership, persuasion, sales, and marketing. 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The Popularity Of Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu - 2255 Words

Mother Teresa, although she was not hidden from the public eye, she was hidden from me until recently. Her ways I discovered were simple but simply perfect, and her words crept into my heart and made me feel her love even now. She lived a life of truth, I soon discovered, and one that I now yearn to have the strength to attempt to imitate. Her life was anything but ordinary and began with a small seed of love, but eventually flourished into the most beautiful and breathtaking love to behold. Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu was born to Nikola and Drana Bojaxhiu on August 26th 1910. She grew up in Skopje, Serbia. Agnes was the youngest of three children and flourished in a stable and nurturing environment (Butler’s 213). Her father was a well-known†¦show more content†¦Nikola and Drana endowed Agnes with a good foundation for her faith and many other virtuous attributes. For instance, one night Agnes and her siblings were gathered together telling stories and jokes when the ligh ts suddenly went out. Her mother then appeared and told the children that she would not waste lights on such nonsense (Scott 31). Besides teaching her children about caring for those around them and living a no-nonsense life Drana also showed her faith by going to Church every day and making a pilgrimage once a year. As Agnes grew up, her relationship with Christ was strengthened and at the age of 12 she heard the Lord call her to give her life to him. Agnes, seeking to do God’s will, at the age of 18 left to join the Loreto Sisters in Dublin, Ireland. When Agnes told her mother she was leaving to become a Sister her mother although very sad because she knew she would probably never see her daughter again gave her one last piece of advice, â€Å"Put your hand in his . . . and walk all the way with Him† (Scott 43). Agnes took her first profession on May 1931, where she took the name Teresa after Saint Therese of Lisieux, her final profession would be made on May 24, 1937 (Butler’s 213). This marked the beginning of her life long journey to be a witness of Christ to others and the love she would out pour upon all who encountered her. While Teresa was with the Loreto Sisters she was sent to Calcutta India where she taught at the St.

Child Abuse and Neglect Essay Example For Students

Child Abuse and Neglect Essay Child Abuse and Neglect Essay Abuse of children has become a major social problem and a main cause of many peoples suffering and personal problems. Neglect, physical abuse, and sexual abuse have an immediate and long-term effects on a childs development. The long-term effects of abuse and neglect of a child can be seen in psychiatric disorders, increased rates of substance abuse, and relationship difficulties. Child abuse and neglect is a huge problem. People that abuse are people who have been abused and neglected themselves. There are links between neglect and abuse and later psychological, emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal disorders. The basis for this linkage is the impact that abuse and neglect have on brain development. Researchers have found important links between interpersonal experiences and neurobiological development. Children who have been sexually abused are at significant risk of developing anxiety disorders (2.0 times the average), major depressive disorders (3.4 times average), alcohol abuse (2. 5 times average), drug abuse (3.8 times average), and anti-social behavior (4.3 times average). Generally the left hemisphere of the brain is the site of language, motor activity on the right side of the body, and logical thought based on language. The right hemisphere of the brain is responsible for motor activity on the left side of the body, context perceptions, and holistic perception. The orbito-frontal cortex (the part of the brain directly behind the eyes) is responsible for integrating emotional responses generated in the limbic system with higher cognitive functions, such as planning and language, in the cerebral cortexs prefrontal lobes. The left orbito-frontal cortex is responsible for memory creation while the right orbito-frontal cortex is responsible for memory retrieval. Healthy functioning requires an integrated right and left hemisphere. A substantial number of synaptic connections among brain cells develop during the first year of life. An integrated brain requires connections between the hemispheres by the corpus callosum. Abused and neglected children have smaller corpus callosum than non-abused children. Abused and neglected children have poorly integrated cerebral hemispheres. This poor integration of hemispheres and underdevelopment of the orbitofrontal cortex is the basis for such symptoms as difficulty regulating emotion, lack of cause-effect thinking, inability to accurately recognize emotions in others, inability of the child to articulate the childs own emotions, an incoherent sense of self and autobiographical history, and a lack of conscience. The brains of abused and neglected children are not as well integrated as the brains of non-abused children. This helps explain why abused and neglected children have significant difficulties with emotional regulation, integrated functioning, and social development. Conscience development and the capacity for empathy are largely functions of the orbito-frontal cortex. When development in this area of the brain is hindered, there are important social and emotional difficulties. It is very interesting that the orbito-frontal cortex is sensitive to face recognition and eye contact. Abused and neglected children frequently have disorders of attachment because of their birth-parents lack of sensitive responsive interactions with the child. Early interpersonal experiences have a profound impact on the brain because the brain circuits responsible for social perception are the same as those that integrate such functions as the creation of meaning, the regulation of body states, the regulation of emotion, the organization of memory, and the capacity for interpersonal communication and empathy. Stressful experiences that are overtly traumatizing or chronic cause chronic elevated levels of neuroendocrine hormones. High levels of these hormones can cause permanent damage to the hippocampus, which is critical for memory.5 Based on this we can assume that psychological trauma can impair a persons ability to create and retain memory and impede trauma resolution. Abused and neglected children exhibit a variety of behaviors that can lead to any number of diagnoses. .uc9d3ddfb9e3f72e13f9a264c3d34a535 , .uc9d3ddfb9e3f72e13f9a264c3d34a535 .postImageUrl , .uc9d3ddfb9e3f72e13f9a264c3d34a535 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc9d3ddfb9e3f72e13f9a264c3d34a535 , .uc9d3ddfb9e3f72e13f9a264c3d34a535:hover , .uc9d3ddfb9e3f72e13f9a264c3d34a535:visited , .uc9d3ddfb9e3f72e13f9a264c3d34a535:active { border:0!important; } .uc9d3ddfb9e3f72e13f9a264c3d34a535 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc9d3ddfb9e3f72e13f9a264c3d34a535 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc9d3ddfb9e3f72e13f9a264c3d34a535:active , .uc9d3ddfb9e3f72e13f9a264c3d34a535:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc9d3ddfb9e3f72e13f9a264c3d34a535 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc9d3ddfb9e3f72e13f9a264c3d34a535 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc9d3ddfb9e3f72e13f9a264c3d34a535 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc9d3ddfb9e3f72e13f9a264c3d34a535 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc9d3ddfb9e3f72e13f9a264c3d34a535:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc9d3ddfb9e3f72e13f9a264c3d34a535 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc9d3ddfb9e3f72e13f9a264c3d34a535 .uc9d3ddfb9e3f72e13f9a264c3d34a535-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc9d3ddfb9e3f72e13f9a264c3d34a535:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Yahweh is salvation Essay However, the effect of early abuse and neglect on the child can be seen in just a few critical areas of development. These areas include emotional regulation, response flexibility, a coherent integrated sense of self across time, the ability to engage in affect attunement with significant others (empathy and emotional connectedness), and conscience development. The effects of early maltreatment on a childs development are profound and long lasting. It is the impact of maltreatment on a childs developing brain that causes effects seen in a wide variety of domains including .

Anything Goes free essay sample

â€Å"Matt, you would be perfect in the school play.Why don’t you want to do it?† Ever since elementary school, my parents have been pestering me to take part in a school play.But doing one seemed daunting and I thought I could never qualify for it.As a fourth and fifth grader, I thought it was nearly impossible to learn the lines and recite them on a stage with dozens of critical people watching me.I could see it then; I’m standing there clueless and speechless on stage with the oppressive lights beaming down on me. People from the audience watch in awkward silence as my trembling voice attempts to find any sort of line to get myself through the scene.Everyone in the school is there to see me fail, while my parents, my sister, and a slew of relatives witness it all in embarrassment.It would be humiliating; a train wreck waiting to happen. We will write a custom essay sample on Anything Goes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So to avoid this catastrophe I rejected the idea all together.The closest I ever got to participating in it was being an usher for Annie when I was in the fourth grade.â€Å"No one has ever criticized the usher,† I thought. I was reminded again of musical productions once I entered high school.And like my younger self, I thought that there was no way I could do a play.During my freshman year, the choral director put on How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying.I went to go watch it, seeing the cast in vintage business attire singing tunes about coffee and love in a bright yellow set made to mimic a flashy office building.My favorite song was â€Å"Grand Old Ivy,† which was one of the funnier songs in the production about a prestigious university the boss attended as a young man.I thought about how much skill it must have taken them to perform it and I was blown away by many of their performances.I thought how there was no way that I could partake in it.I would noticeably stumble on a line, I would freeze on stage, or I would ruin the plot of the show somehow by forgetting to come on for one of the many scene changes, leaving everyone else stranded on stage in utter confusion.And it did no t help that my friend, Brett, was constantly at yet another play rehearsal.Not only did plays appear to be a gateway for failure, but I feared that signing up would leave me overwhelmed with rehearsals and stress leading up to the show dates.Nuh uh, this would not be fit for me. During my sophomore year, the planned musical production was Anything Goes.Brett wanted me to take part in that year’s musical.He continuously attempted to persuade me to go to the auditions because, like my parents, he saw the potential I had, but I continuously shot his notion down.Eventually, his constant persuasion caused me to cave and I reluctantly agreed to audition.I thought, â€Å"How bad could this be?I can dance in a few numbers and hang out with some of my friends.†As it turned out, I walked out of the audition with a principal role as Evelyn Oakley, a goofy British character with his own song.Once it came time to perform, I instantly loved the rush and adrenaline of being on stage with all eyes on me, which caused me to even do that year’s summer musical, Guys and Dolls, where I played Sky Masterson.My decision to do an activity that I dreaded for the longest time has allowed me to have a more open outlook, and will possibly have an effect over othe r future decisions.As I look back on that little elementary kid, I can’t help but think I should have just gone to those auditions, as I did in high school.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Working Abroad Essay Essay Example

Advantages and Disadvantages of Working Abroad Essay Paper Working Abroad Essay Nowadays we are driving cars from South Korea, wearing clothing designed in the U.S. and manufactured in Taiwan. Today firms have not all their facilities, such as: research, development, production, distribution, and so on in one country. The reason for this is the growing globalization. Consequently, employees have to be mobile, have to admit working overseas. This essay will discuss about the advantages and disadvantages of those employees who work abroad. Disadvantages of working abroad The disadvantages are numerous. For example, there are countries where you are not allowed to drink alcohol, to walk hand-in-hand with your wife or girlfriend or even to eat meat from a pork or a cow, such as Iran, Iraq, and so on. Another disadvantage is the clothing. In most Islamic countries, people have to cover their arms and legs, so shorts and T-shirt for men or tops and hot pants for women can cause offence. If you are not aware of the local religious circumstances, you can make big mistakes and get into big trouble. If you are travelling on your own to a foreign country to find a job, you can run out of funds that can force you to return home. If you are not finding immediately new friends, crisis can even seem more severe, than at home with the help of friends or family. We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages and Disadvantages of Working Abroad Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages and Disadvantages of Working Abroad Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages and Disadvantages of Working Abroad Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Other disadvantages include getting used to bureaucracy. The financial circumstances are also very important: maybe you have to pay higher taxes or you need a special health care insurance. In some countries, the weather could be even worse than in Vietnam. In other countries you are not allowed to go out in dusk because of unsafe political-circumstances, racism or terrorism. Some other facts that depend on the country and personality of a person who works abroad are the different life conditions, the different social behaviors, and the different working times, for example, in Dubai, it is common to work from 8 am to 1 pm, and 4 pm to 8 pm with an afternoon siesta break and the standard working week is from Saturday to Wednesday with a Thursday and Friday weekend. Advantages of working abroad On the other hand, there are advantages to work abroad. Working abroad can improve one’s language skills, which can come in handy if you apply for a job later, as well as gaining business experience in different countries. To sum these 2 points up: it is a positive item in the CV and you can gain credits in comparison to applicants who have not worked abroad. Moreover, you meet many different and interesting people, which can give you new opinions or even support you to do business or climbing up the social- and business-ladder. Another positive argument for working abroad is that you can work where other people spend their holidays, if you are working in a holiday country. For example, in the Middle East where becomes rapidly one of the most popular holiday destinations, not only because of the leisure activities like golf, water sports and horse riding, but also the temperature makes it possible to enjoy year round sunshine or the shopping facilities. Several firms offer their staff attractive fringe benefits for working away from home. For example, they offer two-way flights each year for their employees or include extracurricular activities at the host country to integrate the new employees from abroad. This brings me to my next advantage: you have to integrate into another multicultural society. This touches every point of daily life, such as: history, language, traditions, religion, arts and food. In conclusion, as the world becomes a global village, it is really no surprise that working abroad is becoming an increasingly attractive option. It brings advantages and disadvantages. Thus, according to each circumstance, everyone has to decide for his/her own if he or she wants to work abroad.

Free Essays on Position Paper

â€Å"Ethical Warfare† President George Bush once put forth, â€Å"Using military force makes sense as a policy where the stakes warrant, where and when force can be effective, where its application can be limited in scope and time, and where the potential benefits justify the potential costs and sacrifice.† (President George Bush, p.423) This criterion as Bush describes is nothing new. It has been traditionally known as international law. They are also part of what is known as just war theory. Some people have preferred the use of the phrase â€Å"justified war† instead of â€Å"just war† because they believe that in just war theory there is a presumption against the use of military force that must be overcome or should it? Just war theory can be traced all the way back to 400 A.D. by the writings of St. Augustine. He was concerned about how to reconcile traditional Christian views of the immorality of violence with the necessity of defending the Roman Empire from invading forces. He asked â€Å"what one should do if one sees an individual attacking an innocent, defenseless victim? His response was that â€Å"one should intervene and do whatever is necessary to protect the victim, even up to the point of killing the aggressor.† (St. Augustine, p. 424) We know of this theory today by The Hague and Geneva conventions. Remember, also that human beings have been fighting each other since prehistoric times. But is war really bad? The ethics of war starts by assuming that yes, war is bad, and it should be avoided whenever possible, but it recognizes that there can be situations when war may be lesser evil of several bad choices. War itself is bad but when justified it serves a purpose to protect the life of human individuals. Although war itself can be backed by a number of ethical theories, ethical egoism sort of stands back and says, yeah if I was in charge on the United States, of course I am going to act the way I ought to ... Free Essays on Position Paper Free Essays on Position Paper â€Å"Ethical Warfare† President George Bush once put forth, â€Å"Using military force makes sense as a policy where the stakes warrant, where and when force can be effective, where its application can be limited in scope and time, and where the potential benefits justify the potential costs and sacrifice.† (President George Bush, p.423) This criterion as Bush describes is nothing new. It has been traditionally known as international law. They are also part of what is known as just war theory. Some people have preferred the use of the phrase â€Å"justified war† instead of â€Å"just war† because they believe that in just war theory there is a presumption against the use of military force that must be overcome or should it? Just war theory can be traced all the way back to 400 A.D. by the writings of St. Augustine. He was concerned about how to reconcile traditional Christian views of the immorality of violence with the necessity of defending the Roman Empire from invading forces. He asked â€Å"what one should do if one sees an individual attacking an innocent, defenseless victim? His response was that â€Å"one should intervene and do whatever is necessary to protect the victim, even up to the point of killing the aggressor.† (St. Augustine, p. 424) We know of this theory today by The Hague and Geneva conventions. Remember, also that human beings have been fighting each other since prehistoric times. But is war really bad? The ethics of war starts by assuming that yes, war is bad, and it should be avoided whenever possible, but it recognizes that there can be situations when war may be lesser evil of several bad choices. War itself is bad but when justified it serves a purpose to protect the life of human individuals. Although war itself can be backed by a number of ethical theories, ethical egoism sort of stands back and says, yeah if I was in charge on the United States, of course I am going to act the way I ought to ... Free Essays on Position Paper In today’s society, there is a controversial debate on whether the outcome of the contact between the Europeans and the Native Americans was a positive or a negative outcome. Some people will argue that there were many benefits and others will argue that there has been a lot of pain and suffering since the contact. There is a hand full of evidence to support both sides of the situation. Most arguments are very strong, but like most situations, there are always two sides to a story. The history behind this topic is so controversial because there is not one person, still living today, that can speak from first hand experience. Today, many people are now questioning the elementary school perception of Christopher Columbus and his voyages. In the year of 1492, Christopher Columbus, along with a crew of Spaniards, sailed across the Atlantic Ocean, discovering many different lands. Some of the first areas he landed on were the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. The dominant people on these islands were the Taino Indians. The Tainos were very friendly and welcomed the Spanish with open arms. The Spanish traded material that wasn’t worth anything for gold and jewelry. The Spanish used the Tainos to gain their knowledge and then executed them. The effect of the contact between the Native Americans, such as the Taino Indians, and the Spanish was a negative outcome because today, the population of indigenous people is very low, their culture and traditions were stolen and used by others, and people, that are not rightful owners, are using their land. There are many positive arguments related to this topic. Although, the Spanish did kill a lot of Native Americans, the decline in population had a lot to do with tribal enemies. Evidence has also shown that a large quantity of Native Americans, during that time period, committed suicide. Another argument is that other nations were going to conquer these lands anyway. Today...

The gaze Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The gaze - Essay Example There was little in the way of direct nudity in most images of stars, but photographers used great skill in appealing to the unconscious in their pictures. They found ways to hint at emotional dimensions below the surface, thereby triggering the desired reactions in the audience in a subtle way. The image above of the iconic film star Marilyn Monroe makes use of a very striking color contrast to emphasize the partially naked body in the center of the frame. The composition is fairly symmetrical apart from the back of the wicker chair which paradoxically juts out to the right of the central figure. This suggests that the subject sits uncomfortably in a world that is not quite suited to her needs: she is something of a rebel, but at the same time, this attitude makes her vulnerable, because her seated position is not quite secure. A low horizon line at the bottom separates the bright blue floor from the almost black background. The stiff netting material of the dress presents an angula r and yet see-through shield around the subject’s lower body: it is very structural in form, as if to protect her, and yet the light shining through reveals a great deal of the bare skin beneath. This is no doubt a deliberate strategy used by the photographer to tease the eye with an illusion of modesty. The feature of the photograph that I find most interesting is the combination of both mature and immature connotations of female sexuality which exist together in one and the same human subject. The very red lipstick draws attention to the subject’s sensual mouth, and the red fingernails accentuate this still further. Likewise the red toenails hint at deliberate efforts on the part of the subject to make herself sexually attractive to men. On the other hand, the posture bending forwards on the chair serves to hide the upper body, notably the breasts, and the naked feet pointing clumsily inwards suggest a childish awkwardness in front of the camera. The pose is modest, and yet revealing at the same time. This tension is reflected also in the silhouette that the human figure forms. Sitting in the middle of the picture, Marilyn Monroe appears to be slightly off-balance, as the eye is drawn by the outline of the dress from upper left to lower right. This too, makes the figure look insecure and in need of support. The male gaze finds therefore cause to feel both lustful and protective about the figure in the image, and this in nutshell describes the cultural value of the Marilyn Monroe â€Å"brand† in Hollywood cinema terms. The â€Å"look† which she offers the viewer is disarming and innocent, but there are many subconscious clues of a mature sexuality beneath the surface. There are parallels between this image and classical paintings, in which the interplay of light and shade serves to highlight the human flesh tones. This modern photograph is, however, more overtly sexual than classical paintings. A deliberate untidiness in the hairst yle and the direct, full-face angle of the picture suggest a kind of artful frankness. The model is pretending to be caught off-guard in a moment of relaxation, possibly after dancing, but in fact the composition looks very much as if it has been carefully staged to give this impression. A very important part of the picture’s impact is due to the complete lack of background

Conflict Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Conflict Management - Case Study Example The said colleague therefore started showing signs of resentment towards our supervisor, and continually expressed his dissatisfaction by blurting at me regarding the same whenever his output fell short of expectation. However, the management soon realized that the conflict was not only affecting the daily output from our department, but that it was slowly becoming malignant as the said worker started imputing improper motives into the minds of other workers. It therefore became imperative for the management through the supervisor and the overall coordinator to institute a resolution process in order to restore normalcy. To that effect, this paper presents an analysis of the resolution process adopted, its efficacy under the given circumstance, and the probable alternative approach that in my personal view could provide equally good or even better results. Practical conflict resolution strategies are those that amicably settle the fracas by addressing the core issues underlying the situation. Hynes (2011) notes that such a method should entail an in-depth understanding of the usually implicit, theoretical presupposition framework that is characteristic of conflicts. To this end, the resolution of the management to first explore the underlying issues behind the conflict, followed by convening an inclusive meeting to discuss the way forward proved effectual. The management set the stage towards resolution by acknowledging that the emergence of a conflict implies the existence of interdependence, hence the need to restore normalcy for the benefit of the organization. More specifically, this is also important for the success of the individuals involved, psychologically and career wise, a fact that Deutsch, Coleman and Marcus (2011) espouse as being critical to conflict resolution. During the meeting, the panel understood the necessity for

Physical Lab - Experimental Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Physical Lab - Experimental Plan - Essay Example The aim of this experiment is to apply the fluoride electrode method to a practical problem by measuring fluoride in tap water and to determine whether tea infusion from several types of tea increases the level of fluoride. 3. Serial dilution is done. This involves preparation of different less concentrated solutions from stock solution by dilution e.g. 10ml of 1000ppm stock solution is put in a volumetric flask and diluted with 100ml of distilled water to give 100ppm. A given range of standard solutions is obtained. 5. The ISE and reference electrode is then put into the least concentrated standard solution and allowed to adjust to room temperature and pressure and stirred gently after which electrode potential is measured. 7. Same volume of sample (tea) is measured and adjusted and the electrodes placed after which it is stirred and allowed to adjust to room conditions. Finally, electrode potential is measured. Calibration curves are then drawn. E=Eo+2.3RT/nFlog(Activity).Where, Eo is the Cell constant, RT/nF is the slope factor( shows the performance of electrode), n is ionic charge, R is the gas constant and T is the temperature in Kelvin. This process encounters a number of problems one of which is the release of other ions such as oxalate (www.chemistry.nmsu.edu)3. Other general problems encountered are related to erroneous values obtained due to sample contamination, junction clogging, and incorrect slope of the electrode (Wroblewsk, 2012)4. Such problems are generally rectified by using pure standards and using ISAB or decomplexing to adjust the conditions so as to avoid formation of other ions. Fluoride content of tea can then be compared with that of known solutions. Other methods such as one point calibration, incremental techniques, multiple sample addition and titrimetric procedures may be used. ISE is applied in Agriculture to determine level

Environmental Issues in Malaysia

Environmental Issues in Malaysia 1 INTRODUCTION There has been a very high level of concern on environmental issues worldwide nowadays. Ministry of foreign affairs statistic shows that over the years, the temperature has been rise because of carbon dioxide trapped and green house gases have affected the global climate. This change will affect the people live all over the world. This also includes access to water, health, food and the well being of the environment. Todays, many consumers started to realize that their purchasing behavior actually will cause a big impact to the environment. Therefore, companies should practice offering environmentally friendly products and service to people to prevent this world become worse. Therefore, companies should practice offering environmentally friendly products and service to people to prevent this world become worse. Although, Malaysia has undergone an excellent development followed governmental efforts to attract foreign investor to come and invest for a green product development in Malaysia, the practices of environmental responsible behavior are still low among Malaysian consumers. An example of the lack of environmental responsible behavior is shown in an article in Bernama whereby garbage thrown by one of the state in Malaysia residents is the main cause of river pollution in the state. According to a survey which was conducted on line by global market insight and information group, on the aspect of eco-friendliness of habits and behaviors only 8% of Malaysian respondents responded that they have changed their behavior in a greatest deal to benefit the environment. In addition 83% respondents reported that their views on a companys and their Colleges friendliness to the environment would influence their purchases of products and services. Studying the determinants of generation-Y consumers green purchase behavior will be definitely benefit green marketers. Generation-Y (also known as a millennial) is defined as A label attributed to people born during the 1980s and early 1990s. Members of Generation Y are often referred to as echo boomers because they are the children of parents born during the baby boom (baby boomers). Because children born during this time period have had constant access to technology (computers, cell phones) in their youth, they have required many employers to update their hiring strategy in order to incorporate updated forms of technology. In a simple word, generation-Y grew up with a technology and relies on those things to perform their job and their task. In addition, when going through a literature review in Malaysian context, there are still a gap existed between environmental knowledge, intention and behavior towards green product. [Said et al. (2005)]. Even though people that have vast knowledge about green products are not necessarily would buy a green product. Therefore, factors those determine and affect Generation-Y to purchase a green product would be worth to find out. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH Environment is defined as what surrounds a thing or an item or in other words it means the surrounding. It could be a physical element which is physical environment, that includes the built environment, natural environment such as air, water, land, atmosphere and etc or it could be human environment where people surrounding the item or thing which also known as the social environment. Today environment is getting worst and worst. Many environmental issues arise. Environmental concerns have been growing in recent years. One of the examples of environmental issue is global warming. Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in average global temperatures. Natural events and human activities such as burning garbage and waste are believed to be contributing to an increase in average global temperatures. This is caused primarily by increases in greenhouse gases such as Carbon Dioxide. The greenhouse effect keeps the earth warm when functioning normally. For the first time in h istory, human activities are altering the climate of our entire planet. According to (Jack, 2010), in less than 2 centuries, humans have increased the total amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by 25% from the burning of fossil fuels and the destruction of forests. In addition to the natural fluxes of carbon through the Earth system, human activities, particularly fossil fuel burning and deforestation, are also releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere (The Carbon Cycle; the Human Role, Earth Observatory, NASA). Green product is define as a product that produce limited carbon footprints; they may require fewer resources to produce, consume less energy or emit fewer hazardous emissions.  Green product is also a product that is non toxic, water-efficient, and also recyclable and biodegradable. There are many green products that have been produce for people in the market. For example, a household cleaner. Nowadays its nearly impossible to go shopping without finding a plethora of products that claim to be environmentally and consumer friendly. Oddly enough, many cheap and eco-friendly substances, such as vinegar, have been used for years as home cleaners. Whether you buy a green cleaning product at a store or use something on hand in your pantry, you can reap the benefits of choosing products that are gentler on you and the environment. Phosphate-free dishwasher and laundry detergents are also consider a green product because they do not discharge environment-damaging phosphates into wat erways. Other examples of green cleaning products are those labeled certified biodegradable; these have passed several stringent tests relating to biodegradability and environmental impact conducted by an independent certifying agency. According to Consumer Reports, the certified biodegradable label is more meaningful than a general biodegradable label. Glass and metal cleaners, kitchen and bathroom cleaners, and laundry detergents are products that might carry this label. The rationale for going green is twofold. Clearly, the positive effects on the environment are a key driver for purchasing green product.  Green product provides myriad environmental benefits. They can replace toxic materials that may be harmful to people or animals. Also, some products save energy and water, while others limit solid waste and manufacturing releases. Green products create a healthier environment for people through reduced exposure to cleaners, solvents, paints and other hazardous substances. Green product also can reduce allergies. Many families find that their children are suffering from allergies, even though their family history does not necessary say that there are no allergies. In some situations, chemicals found within cleaning products contain allergens. Bleaches, toxic cleaning sprays and other chemicals used to clean the home commonly contain a variety of ingredients specifically able to cause or trigger allergies in people.   Generation Y are the cool generation, they embrace brand and live in the new world of digitize communication. Thus that might be interesting to find their perception and their level of awareness towards environmental issues that the world is facing nowadays. Gen Y has grown up in a very structure, busy and over planned world. Also, Gen Y is made up of confident, optimistic young people who feel valued and wanted. In a article of science daily, Gen-Y is a people that will go all the way when it comes to saving the environment as long as it benefit to world economic and environment. They are maturing into a pragmatic generation that wants to do the right thing for the environment but also has real economic concerns 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT Consumers or practically customers are the sellers and buyers that boost the countrys economy. Therefore, many firms are actually putting many efforts in order to attract more customers because these customers create businesses opportunities and generate profits to them. As the world nowadays facing so many problems regarding to an environmental issue, the consumers and their attitudes or behaviors to purchase a green product are the important factors to be considered. Consumers nowadays have more choices due to the effects of globalization. They will prefer the function of the product rather than the brand or whatsoever to ensure a healthier future. To determine the current level of Gen-y consumers preference towards the green products. To determine what are the determinants or factors of Gen-y consumer preferences towards the green product. To determine the consequences or effects of Gen-y consumer preferences towards the green product. To determine consumer level of awareness of Gen-y consumer towards green product. 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE Awareness towards environmental issue that the world nowadays facing play a major role encourage people to purchase a green product. Thus, this study is attempts to relate on the various variables that influence consumer especially generation-Y to purchase a green product. The objectives are as the following: To study the factors affecting the consumer especially Gen-Y to purchase green product. Gen-y is a new generation and It is crucial to understand as they are more advance and modernize. Thus, several researches have been conducted in order to understand consumers in a way that how they behave, and what are the factors that cause them to behave or react to the responses of the products. Leading factors such as price and quality are always the top concerns to the consumers. Product attributes will moderate the effects of price on quality judgments. Partial of the consumers may focus on buying low prices goods and neglect the quality of the products. This group of consumers takes the price as a measure of sacrifice. For instance, consumers take the price served as the benchmark for comparing utility gains from the quality of the product. One the other hand, some portion of the consumers will be willing to pay a premium price for the quality and function of the products, as they are very sensitive to the signals of the quality of one product. Thus, it is hope that this stud y will contribute further to the understanding of factors of price and quality that may lead to the consumers prefer for a green product To understand the awareness level of people about Go Green campaign. Nowadays, there are many environmental campaign have been organized by a government and private sector. This campaign is aim to encourage people to more concern about the environment. Thus, it is hope that this study will explore how people react to a environmental campaign and what is their level of awareness about the awareness campaign. To examine the benefit for people involvement in Go Green program. We might be asking, how we will benefit from getting involved in this environmental campaign. Well, recently there has been an increase in events directly related to the availability of natural resources. For example energy shortages that resulted to load shedding, change in weather patterns and water shortages. As a result, civil society is recognizing the need to manage our natural resources more effectively and responsibly. In doing so, we can ensure positive effects on our health, quality of life and even the cost of living. Thus, this study will help people to getting known more about what they will gain if they participate in the environmental campaign. To discover what consumer perception towards green product. In curiosity to identify what are the main components or criteria that consumer especially gen-Y are looking forward in order to purchase a green product. It is true that each and every one of us are special and unique in the way we are, thus, every consumer has their very own perception in purchasing a green product. Different people from different backgrounds may have different perceptions on these products. In addition to that, different demographic groups may have different perceptions to this kind of product as well. Thus, this study will help to identify whether the consumer especially gen-y prefer to buy a green product or not to safe a mother of earth. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY This study is crucial as there are a lot of green products have been selling nowadays. Obviously, when we talk about green product, the price for that particular item might be so expensive. The study on factors affecting consumer especially Gen-Y buying a green product may allow us to know in depth why are previous efforts taken does not produce as it is thought it would be. Based on the study conducted, motivations towards the environment, knowledge on green product, social norm, awareness and self-image have an impact on the consumer especially Gen-Y buying a green product. Government may need to enhance its program in educating people green product. New and more interesting Go Green program and method is a definite necessity in motivating people to increase their interest/awareness on a green product and indirectly motivates them to purchase it. 1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY The research focus on students in Multimedia University (MMU) Melaka campus and teenagers from outside the campus which comes from various demographic backgrounds such as the faculty, ethnicity and nationality. The focused respondents are a great resemblance on the exact population in Malaysia. 1.6 ORGANIZATIONAL OF RESEARCH 1.6.1 Chapter 1: Introduction Regarding this chapter, it introduce the background of this research such as why do people as a consumer buy a green product. Thus, this will create a strong preference among the gen-y consumers locally and abroad to consume and purchase green products. These sections will explain in details in the of consumers preferences from the Malaysian perspective and as well from the global view for green products. This chapter also recognized the problem statement and the research objectives for this research. Finally, the justification of the research will help to justify the benefits and those who will gain in this research. Chapter 2 : Literature Review A thorough study will be conducted on the dependent variable and independent variables. The main purpose for this chapter is to weigh the pros and cons of the topic and to discuss in details on the ideas and knowledge concerned. In this chapter, every definition of the dependent variable and independent variables will be cited from the journals in order to strengthen every point mentioned. Several of arguments and various points of views from different authors in order to provide a stronger formation of each point can be founded in this chapter. In addition to that, this chapter explains the relationships on several independent variables relate to the dependent variables. 1.6.2 Chapter 3 : Research Methodology Research methodology is usually conducted after the thorough study of literature review. In this chapter, theoretical framework will be form to illustrate the relationships between the dependent variable and the independent variables. Hypotheses or a proposed explanation which were made on the basis of limited evidences will explain the relationships between two or more variables. All the hypotheses stated will be tested together with empirical data. This chapter also includes the description of the sampling data, data collections and as well as the development of the questionnaire for this research. Chapter 4 : Data Analysis After questionnaires are collected from all the respondents, then few tests will be conducted to test on the validity and reliability of the results. The responds of the questionnaires from the respondents are represented by a set of numbers that symbolize their own significant meanings. Whereas the tests that will be carry out are to analyze the responses from the respondents so that it will derive to a stronger conclusion at the end of this research. Chapter 5 : Conclusion This chapter will provide the final outcome of this research. Thus, the final results will be explained and we will be able to identify how the exact hypotheses that formed earlier are hold. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Environmental quality in Malaysia According to report from Department of Environment Malaysia, 2006, Malaysia experienced a short period of slight to moderate haze due to trans-boundary pollution from neighboring countries. The air quality status in different states differed according to the geographical locations, the industrial and commercial activities, populated areas and the traffic conditions. During that period, Klang Valley area in Malaysia was more prone to air pollution than any other areas and the air quality was only good 23% of the time, moderate 70% of the time and the remaining 7% at an unhealthy level. As a developing country, Malaysia faced great challenge in ensuring a balance between development and environmental sustainability. Urban air and river quality, deforestation, household waste and hazardous waste are some of the serious and worrying environmental problems faced by the country According to The Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-2010) report, Malaysian government allocated RM510 million for cleaning, preserving and beautifying rivers; RM530 million for coastal management; RM200 million for reforestation; and another RM70 million for the management of wildfire and protected areas to ensure environmental sustainability and resource management. In a global environment article stated that, Solid waste is one of the three major environmental problems in Malaysia. It plays a significant role in the ability of Nature to sustain life within its capacity. Currently, over 23,000 tonnes of waste is produced each day in Malaysia. However, this amount is expected to rise to 30,000 tonnes by the year 2020. The amount of waste generated continues to increase due to the increasing population and development, and only less than 5% of the waste is being recycled.   Rivers represent the lease of life which pulses through the earth. It is a finite and only source of water. In Malaysia, there are almost 1800 rivers. Sadly, more than half of these rivers have been polluted and destroyed. Improper solid waste management contributes greatly to river pollution. Improper solid waste management also contributes to climate change decomposing waste produces methane and production of new products to meet demand emits greenhouse gases and utilizes natural resources. Therefore, a shift towards more sustainable consumption patterns is required. 2.1.1 Concern of environment There are many reasons and factors that affect consumer especially Gen-Y to buy a green product. According to  Mostafa (2007), green purchase behavior or environmental friendly buying behavior is the consumption of products that are beneficial to the environment, recyclable or conservable, Sensitive and responsive to ecological concerns. Concern for the environment is perceived to be important in encouraging consumer to participate in green program and also buying a green product. Research finding suggest that, moral concerns determine several curtailment behaviors (Goldstein et al., 2008; Hage et al., 2009). However, studies on the influence of moral concerns on consumer high involvement buying decisions with environmental implications are rare (Thà ¸gersen, 2005). This is a problem since overlooking an influential determinant might hinder or delay successful diffusion of environmentally friendlier products and innovations. Consumer identify environmental protection as a pri ority for governmental policies and this interest has led to an increase in ethical production-for both consumer and non-consumer products (  Finisterra do Paà §o  et al., 2009). Sensitivity to environmental issues shifts consumer behavior towards supporting the growth and diffusion of green marketing and ecologically-conscious consumer behavior including: consumer preference for greener firms, increase in demand for greener products. (Alsmadi, 2008; Finisterra do Pacao et al.,2009) found that greater awareness of environmental problems, increased media coverage, impact of major industrial disasters on public opinion, and the rise of pressure group activities are among the factors driving environmental concerns. 2.2 Green marketing Grant, John.(2008)define the green as a brand that that offers a significant eco-advantage over the incumbents and which hence appeals to those who are willing to making green a high priority. Soonthonsmai (2008) defined a green marketing as the activities that have been taken by firms that are really concern about the environment or green problems by delivering the environmentally sound goods or services to create consumers and societys satisfaction. Other definitions of green marketing as proposed by marketing scholars include social marketing, ecological marketing or environmental marketing. Harrison (2008) proposed green marketing strategy by firms through positioning the environmental benefits of green products to consumers mindset to influence their purchasing decision. Peatitie (2007) and Welford (2000) defined green marketing as the management process responsible for identifying and satisfying the requirements of customers and society in a profitable and sustainable way. In r eality, companies that pursue green marketing encounter numerous challenges mainly from the variability of demand, un-favorable consumer perception and high cost (Gurau and Ranchhod, 2008). The most key concern lies in an understanding of green consumers and their characteristics amd will help firm to enable and to develop a new target and segmentation strategies (DSouza et al., 2008). Dwyer (2009) defined green as the products to be designed, commercialized, and used which are capable of reducing sources of pollution and minimizing risks to human health and the environment. On the other hand, there are product sector specià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ c examples of research on green buying process, such as food and household products (Vantomme et al., 2005) and clothes (Shaw et al., 2006) 2.2.1 Consumer preference on green product The dependent variable in this study is the factor that affecting consumer preferences for green products. Everyone in this Earth, play a major role as a consumer. Consumers are the main factors that boost a countrys economy. Each and every consumer has their very own perspective and preferences towards what they consume. Consumer from different demographic factors such as background and society may influence their behavior in making decisions while to purchase products. Thus, it is undeniable that consumers preferences and their perspective towards goods and services are hard to predict. DSouza  et al.  (2006a)  found out in their research that consumers perception of green products did not influence by criteria such as packaging, label and ingredient of a product. The important finding from  DSouza  et al.  (2006b)  was that green consumers would rely more on their personal experience in using the product rather than evaluate a green product base on marketers provided information. Interestingly, this finding however contradicts to DSouza, Taghian and Lambs finding they found that consumers are getting environmental information from labels before deciding to purchase a green product. It is mean that, label are important to capture consumer impression to buy a green product. The importance of consumers has lead to many researches to be conducted in order to study on their behavior and attitudes towards what they perceived on the products. Barr and Gilg (2006) was found that green purchasing behavior was the least popular activity alongside activities such as recycling and habitual household activities. However, not surprisingly, green consumers do consider environmental factors when purchasing products, but engaged more frequently in activities such as switching off lights and recycling paper (daily activities). Wheale and Hinton (2007) suggested that amongst the population of green consumers there is a hierarchy of importance of ethical drivers in the purchase decision-making process. The environment was rated as the most important ethical driver during purchasing decisions. The finding from  DSouza  et al.  (2006a)  was if product is lower in quality, consumers would not have intention to buy green products even though they were always reading labels. Furthermore, if product is more expensive, consumers might have intention to buy green products. Therefore,  DSouza  et al.  (2006b)  concluded from their study that consumers were not compromised to lower product quality. However,  Rashid (2009)  in his study stated that eco label is an important factor that would enable consumers to make the right purchase choice if faced with a situation that required their consideration of the environmental impact on a product that they wish to purchase. 2.3 Knowledge and attitude towards environment and green product Knowledge and attitude towards environment are very important to influcence consumer especially Gen-Y To buy a green product. There is a general belief among the researchers and environmental activists that through purchasing environmentally friendly products or green products, products with recyclable packaging or properly disposing of non-biodegradable garbage, consumers can contribute significantly to improve the quality of the environment (Abdul-Muhmim, 2007). The quality of the environment depends critically on the level of knowledge, attitudes, values and practices of consumers (Mansaray and Abijoye, 2005). Attitudes are the most consistent explanatory factor in predicting consumers willingness to pay for green products (Chyong et al., 2006). This means that price is not the main factor in preventing consumers from purchasing green products if they are pro-environment. Researcher also found that Influencing consumer behaviour is a complex and difficult task requiring knowledge of its determinants. The most convincing support of the growing influence of the ecologically-friendly consumer is the increase in the number of individuals that are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products (Bang et al., 2005). 2.4 Social norm and value perception influence consumer to buy green product. Studies have also investigated the effect social influence has affect consumer especially Gen-Y purchase green product.The interest in green initiatives is not expected to emanate only from external impositions and inducements but also from the internal sense of responsibility of a firm towards the society in which it exists. For green issues, such sensitivity is intensified by increasing environmental problems such as global warming and pollution. Such problems may also raise awareness and interest of a firm to behave in a more socially responsible manner and reflect an image of due diligence and commitment to sustainability. Green purchasing is primarily motivated by a certain degree of consumer ecological consciousness. Frey and Stutzer (2006) identify a number reasons behind environmental motivation: intrinsic motivations, altruism, internalized norms and social norms. Social norms lead individuals to take into consideration the opinions of the other members of society when choosing a green product over another: if they think that their acquaintances approve of green product purchase and disapprove of standard product purchase, there are encouraged to buy green products. (Ewing, 2005) stated that social norms are an important motivator of ecologically responsible behaviour. The strength of the normative influence of the consumers family and social groups on purchasing decisions depends on the characteristics of the product (e.g. luxury rather than a necessity). Value perception is the conception one has of oneself. Study in marketing influence on consumer purchase decision on green product, value perception was influencing green behaviours. This agrees to Lee(2008) finding value perception as the third predictor of her study. Apart from behavioral aspects, numerous studies have also looked at the relationship between demographic and socioeconomic variables and purchase green product involvement. Kinnear, T. and Taylor, J. (1973) stated that there has been no signià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cant link found between demographic segmentation and green purchase. This could be due to the notion that different groups of people relate to different parts of the environmental agenda Peattie, K. (1995). There have been contradictory results of younger and older age groups concerns about environmental issues Peattie, K. (1995). There is, however, a belief that environmental concern is directly related to a consumers level of education Balderjahn, I. (1988). Based on four surveys, Hines et al. found no relationship with gender. Chapter 3 Research Methodology 3.1 Overview Methodology is a system of methods used in a particular research. Research methodology normally comes after defining the problems and completing the thorough of the literature review. Research methodology which has been implemented to collect, investigate and as well as interpreting data obtained for the testing of the hypothesis will be discussed. Theoretical framework will be formed in this chapter in order to illustrate the relationships in between the dependent variable and independent variables. Besides that, hypotheses were developed and will be discussed together with the explanations in conjunction with the dependent variable and the independent variables. On top of that, plans of the sampling method, data collection methods and as well as the development of the questionnaires are included in this chapter. Finally, the data analysis and the hypotheses testing will carry out to analyze the responses from the respondents so that it will derive to a stronger conclusion at the en d of this research. 3.2 Theoretical Framework Figure 3.1 below illustrates a theoretical framework that shows the relationships in between the dependent variable and the independent variables. Knowledge Country Factors affecting Gen-y consumer in Malaysia buying a green product Attitude Social Norm Value Perception 3.3 Explanation of Framework The preferences of consumers for green products are subjective. Consumer from different demographic factors such as background and society may influence their behavior in making decisions while to purchase products. Whether they have a greater of favor to green products or to ordinary products are just hard to predict. Thus, it is undeniable that consumers preferences and their perspective towards goods and services are hard to predict. The importances of consumers have lead to many researches to be conducted in order to study on their behavior and attitudes towards what they perceived on the products. The knowledge, which is one of the factors that might cause preferences for consumers to make purchases for green products. The first thing that came across consumers mind is the brands and firms that produce a green product. Thus, the brand image of the company has help by providing hints to the consumers in summarizing the information from that certain product. According to Grunert (1993), knowledge of the benefits of a green products use on the environment may have an impact on whether or not that product is purchased and used. Besides that, consumers also prefer to purchase a green product with a lower cost. The attitude is another most influential factor in consumer preferences for green products. Consumers normally are not really aware about our environment issue nowadays. It is because they get less information regarding to our environment situation. Awareness towards our enviro

Essay --

â€Å"Heroism is a matter of integrity- becoming more and more at each step ourselves.† (Joseph Campbell) The Hero’s Journey is the basic template for all great stories. It includes the start to an adventure, a mentor, initiation by trials an and challenges, victory, and return. In The Hobbit, a fantasy novel by J.R.R Tolkien, the tale depicts the quest of protagonist Bilbo Baggins, a humble hobbit who plays the role of the burglar as he must help dwarves bring back their home held captive by the dragon Smaug. As he makes the quest to the Lonely Mountain he changes, grows, and develops as the inner â€Å"Took† personality grows within himself. The major transforming events test his abilities late causing Bilbo to evoke and reveal his true heroic nature. Before Bilbo goes on the death defying journey he is introduced as a regular hobbit who is calm, and never having the thought of going on an adventure. Bilbo’s background includes his â€Å"Baggins† personality and his â€Å"Took† personality. The Bagginses side of the family is described as â€Å"very respectable, not only because they never had any adventures† (Tolkien 2). On the outside Bilbo is seen with having a Baggins personality which is as of a regular hobbit. The Tooks were however different than many hobbits and was seen by society as â€Å"not as respectable as the Bagginses, though they were undoubtedly richer†(3). Bilbo’s Took side of family was known for going on adventures and being more different than the normal hobbit. Within himself Bilbo possesses a Took personality and realizes only at the end of his journey. Though Bilbo doesn't know this within himself as he later on changes as an individual he begins to notice t he changes occurring. The call for adventure is where the init... ...uch as they use to before. However Bilbo is not bothered by the fact as he has gained more to not care about any of it. In the end he gained more experiences, friends, and tales to tell in the future about the adventures he has made. â€Å"‘My dear Bilbo!’ he said.‘Something is the matter with you! You are not the same hobbit that you were.’†(302). Bilbo has reached the point of becoming a hero as his journey comes to an end. As Bilbo finally returns to everyday life he lives as a different hobbit than before. The Hero’s Journey exhibits the transformation of the character Bilbo Baggins into a brave and confident hobbit as he face many events that exam the abilities and changes through the quest he makes. The development, growth, and changes that occur in Bilbos characteristics makes him able to handle the many challenges and temptations that he is faced with.

Oceanic Domain Awareness An Imperative Environmental Sciences Essay

Modern naval scheme is basically based on assorted agencies to turn up possible enemy forces across the oceans, a job complicated by the enormousness of the maritime environment, the immense figure of legitimate users, and the broad assortment of agencies by which an enemy can work the oceans to his advantage. The oceans are complex mediums whose nature provides ample chance for an enemy to avoid detection-weather, sea provinces, and coastal land masses all present considerable challenges to modern detectors. Peacetime economic usage of the seas complicates this job tremendously. The oceans are the universe ‘s foremost ( and arguably most unregulated ) main road, place to a huge and broad assortment of international impersonal transportation that possess no evident menace. Determining the enemy in such a crowded and complex environment is hard during conventional war, during an asymmetric struggle such as the planetary war on panic ( GWOT ) , it is a formidable undertaking. It is the asymmetric nature of GWOT that forms the nucleus of Maritime Domain Awareness ( MDA ) . In conventional naval war the enemy is comparatively good defined and about universally a battler. In GWOT, where literally any vas could be a possible enemy or arm bearer, or when any nautical event can hold an impact on the security of India, demands a much higher degree of consciousness than that usually required in a conventional naval struggle. This is recognised by the formal definition of MDA as articulated by the US authorities vide their document National Security Presidential Directive 41, 2004: – Maritime Domain Awareness is â€Å" the effectual apprehension of anything associated with the planetary maritime environment that could impact the security, safety, economic system or environment of U.S. This is accomplished through the integrating of intelligence, surveillance, observation, and pilotage systems into one common runing image ( COP ) that is accessible throughout the U.S. Government. Unlike traditional naval operations, it is evident that the end of MDA is far more than merely looking for possible maritime enemies poised to assail India. The deductions of â€Å" Anything associated † with the maritime environment that can impact the security, safety, economic system or environment go far beyond a authoritative maritime menace. As per the US reading, these include smuggling of people or unsafe ladings, buccaneering, proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction ( WMD ) , designation and protection of critical maritime substructure, oil spills, conditions, and environmental concerns among other events. Nautical events that could potentially impact India are non the lone wide-ranging component of MDA it is besides indispensable that menaces be identified as early and far from the seashore as possible. The planetary nature of MDA activities happening overseas and in foreign ports is really much a portion of MDA. For illustration, if a lading is loaded in Aden and its ultimate finish is India ( via several other international ports ) , the burden, conveyance, security, and all affairs associated with that container would be portion of MDA. MDA must hence be exercised over all oceans worldwide, and potentially cover all nautical involvements that finally impact India. Puting in topographic point an effectual MDA is a powerful undertaking sing the scope of possible security challenges and tremendous geographic country represented by the maritime sphere. In India a overplus of bureaus possessing a broad scope of operational and intelligence capablenesss would necessitate information merg er under the over-arching MDA. Although many factors are considered in MDA, its nucleus procedure is finally the monitoring of vass and the vass ‘ lading, crews, and riders to quickly bring forth geo-locating information on vass of involvement. This is an analytical procedure that includes trailing, informations base hunts for unknown linkages and anomaly sensing. Cardinal to this is the sensing, monitoring, tracking of vass. This tracking procedure is comprised of five elements designed to concentrate on a narrow country of tactical dimension where menaces can be identified and isolated viz. ; Maritime surveillance, Detection, Tracking, Classification & A ; Identification and aiming. Targeting involves construing sensing and designation information fused with intelligence to screen vessel purposes and determine hazard. MDA ‘s nucleus is using the vas tracking procedure to a superimposed defense mechanism theoretical account centred on the coastline of India, the ultimate end of which is to observe possible menaces early and as far off from the Indian coastline as possible. As there is no individual high value unit to protect MDA â€Å" beds † are expanded to include an full coastline with the overall end of co-ordinated surveillance. Not all countries in these â€Å" beds † are considered every bit, but instead extra attending is given to countries that are possible marks for the terrorist/enemy. The US has the 2000nm bound of the Maritime sensing and Identification zone MDIZ it is based on the legislated 96 hr presentment demand for foreign vass come ining U.S. ports. A vas going 20kts will get at its finish in approximately 96 hours. MDIZ ‘s purpose is to garner more timely information on the vas as it approaches closer to the U.S. seashore. When come ining the MDIZ, places every four hours are the norm while in territorial Waterss the end is to obtain positional informations every 3 proceedingss. There are many systems that could supply a high grade of surveillance and tracking informations, but the existent merger of this information remains a job country. In order to deduce a comprehensive MDA image, information demands to be fused, correlated, and analysed and for it to be relevant to national security it must be designed to run cohesively at tactical, regional and strategic degrees. Strategic MDA On the national degree, nautical scheme is critical for long term planning, operational penetration, and supplying national determination shapers with support to set up precedences, determine schemes of mutualist administrations, allocate national resources, and determine degree of overall maritime menace This is a hard procedure during normal peacetime operations and is peculiarly ambitious in the invariably altering asymmetric maritime environment that MDA is designed to turn to. MDA ‘s ultimate end is to obtain a sense of planetary consciousness that reaches beyond the confines of the tactical and regional degrees. If MDA was merely a defensive scheme against a known military or terrorist menace, it could be obtained by organizing defensive beds around India. But as an informational/awareness system, its ends are far broader, seeking to understand all possible maritime menaces to India, many of which could arise overseas in an unoffending mode. Strategic MDA requires a wide position and capablenesss at the highest degrees of analysis, intelligence, and policy. It requires the realignment of bureaucratism and the re-tasking of national assets toward the overall end of planetary consciousness. A Centre for strategic MDA must hold experience in multi-organisation operations and processs that can exceed the spread between the armed forces, jurisprudence enforcement, and regulative bureaus that are portion of MDA. In the maritime sphere, this is possible through enlargement of bing substructure, specifically developing such a fusion/analysis point. Two countries of detector engineerings that have peculiar pertinence to strategic MDA are a orbiter based feeling capableness and a net work of submerged surveillance detectors.Structure of the Indian MDAThe 26 Nov 2008 onslaught on Mumbai has been analysed and security spreads addressed to explicate the MDA. The cardinal rule for the MDA has been the application of informations blending to acquire actionable int elligence inputs to mensurate, comparison and place and prosecute and forestall sea-borne condemnable activities. The figure of different bureaus at cardinal and province degree involved is 13, and hence effectual coordination is an issue. Some of the enterprises include: – – Launch of GSAT7 orbiter in geosynchronous orbit by lSRO, with Rukmani terminuss ( ex Israel ) placed on Major war vessels for instantaneous informations transportation to run into the demands of the Navy. ISRO is besides likely to set in topographic point by 2013 the Indian Regional Navigation Seven Satellite System ( IRNSS ) which would supply informations within 1000 stat mis of India. – Puting up of The National Command Control Communication and Intelligence web ( NC3IN ) . – The puting up of a radio detection and ranging concatenation ( X band AIS receiving system VHF and Electro-Optics ) of 46 detector Stationss being linked with the AIS inputs ( Covering the full Indian seashore ) , and LRIT and Vessel Traffic Management Systems. Coastal secret plans are maintained by the ICG Regional HQs to back up the Joint Operations Centres ( JOCs ) set up following to naval nautical operations suites ( MORS ) in all naval bids and at New Delhi. – Puting up of Multi Agency Centres ( MAC ) for intelligence inputs and studies. – Registration of fishing vass by provinces, and proviso of battery operated Distress Action Terminals ( DATs ) for vass below 300 dozenss. DG Shipping would supply smaller fishing boats with AIS transponders which has enforced ISPS codification for Port security with port security programs. Supplying Biometric /recognition individuality cards for fishermen which can be identified on a machine on board surveillance platforms. – Puting up of a Marine Police force with 73 Coastal constabulary Stationss across 9 provinces and provided with 5 and 10 ton trade which can police inshore Waterss. – A uninterrupted outline of record of transporting with World Customs Organisation has been enforced and MARSEC security degrees are exercised and coastal villagers educated on demand to be argus-eyed by the IN and ICG. – The Indian Navy has instituted Marine Commandos Rapid Reaction Forces and a Sagar Prahari Bal ( SPB ) of 100 mariners who are being equipped with 80 fast interceptor trade ( FICs ) for protection of naval bases, VAs and VPs. UAVs and Aerostats are besides planned for initiation. – Coordinated coastal and seaward plus patrolling has been strengthened by the IN and the ICG. – All stairss for MDA are networked with the Indian Navy ‘s fleet of ships, pigboats and MR aircraft. The Government of India has put in topographic point a formidable program for MDA, and the single systems are being setup prior to concluding integrating and fusing of informations. It is expected that the MDA would be to the full functional by 2015. However, in close hereafter it can be presumed that Indian Navy would draw a bead on to get formidable sea denial and sea control capablenesss. It is opined that the footings Sea watch/denial/ control are likely to spread out and transform in to ‘Oceanic infinite watch/ denial/control ‘ . The term Oceanic infinite denial/control would encompass a cylindrical infinite in 3D+ dimensions ; that is the sea surface, the atmospheric volume above, the outer infinite at least up to low Earth revolving satellite highs, the H2O volume up to the sea bed, the sea bed itself and besides security of the deep sea mining assets in the EEZ. ( Opinion of the writer ) . The above premiss implies that a broader pelagic skyline is in fact inclusive of non merely extended and broader spacial operating sphere, but besides much wider and broader raid in to the verticals below the surface to the sea bed and above up to fringe of the ambiance. Unless deductions of this nature are anticipated and factored in, technological prognosiss themselves would drag behind the rapid progressing gait of engineering and the synergisms being achieved due to harmonization and version inter and intra scientific Fieldss. Therefore it is imperative that holistic positions into the information consciousness sphere include the pelagic sphere consciousness every bit good as it ‘s connect with India ‘s security and MDA. Oceanic Domain Awareness Scientific survey of the oceans originated in U.S. basically as a map of national security. Probes that focused on the tactical and operational impacts of the fluid, geophysical, chemical and biological Marine environment upon U.S. Navy operations successfully addressed many disputing naval demands ; but oceanographic enquiry in support of naval demands besides triggered unexpected consequences. In many cases the cognition of the oceans that was acquired through directed surveies – and through complementary lines of enquiry that were enabled by tools developed for naval oceanographic research – farther wedged national security in ways that were non anticipated and which transcended tactical and operational significance and could be considered of more strategic effect. The primary drift to the rapid development of oceanology during its twentieth century yearss as a scientific discipline is without a uncertainty the pigboat and the cardinal alterations that occurred when naval warfare became genuinely 3-dimensional. Prosecuting pigboats was executable chiefly through the transmittal of submerged sound, actively by echo sounder to echo-locate marks and passively by listening hydrophones and triangulation. The range of oceanographic attempts in the chase of the pigboat opened all of the oceanographic subjects ( physical, chemical, biological, and geological oceanology ) to increased investing, research attempt and – significantly – to integrating. Twentieth-century oceanology was basically a security-based enterprise to cut down the opacity of the oceans to antisubmarine warfare in WWI, WWII and the Cold War, and harness that opacity for violative pigboat operations, along with a host of other security based naval concerns. In the ocean scientific disciplines, new engineering necessarily leads to new finds and to cardinal progresss in basic cognition. In the old ages following World War II, the first global-scale function and sampling of the seafloor by oceanographic research vass led straight to the find of seafloor spreading and the development of the theory of home base tectonics which has since revolutionised thoughts of Earth construction and development. A decennary subsequently, the first geographic expedition of mid-ocean ridges utilizing deep-towed vehicles and manned submersibles resulted in the singular find of deep-sea hydrothermal blowhole communities with antecedently unknown signifiers of life and a huge, still mostly undiscovered microbial biosphere below the seafloor. Over the past two decennaries, ocean physicists, chemists, life scientists, and geologists have used a assortment of tools, from instrumented buoys to deep-sea boring, to redefine their apprehension of the ocean ‘s f unction in commanding conditions and longer-term clime alteration. The ocean scientific disciplines are now on the threshold of another major technological progress as the scientific community begins to set up a planetary, long-run presence in the oceans in order to understand the temporal variableness of ocean systems on clip graduated tables runing from seconds to decennaries or longer. This chance arises from the meeting of a figure of emerging new technological capablenesss, including: – – Telecommunication engineering ( e.g. , orbiters, fiber-optic pigboat overseas telegrams ) that makes possible real-time telemetry of huge measures of informations to shore every bit good as real-time synergistic control of instruments in even the most distant parts of the deep sea ; – Telecommunication overseas telegrams that enable important degrees of power to run instruments from the sea surface to the deep seafloor ; – New detectors that make possible in situ measurings of physical, chemical, and biological procedures ; – Computational and patterning capablenesss to construct more realistic, multidisciplinary, and prognostic theoretical accounts of ocean phenomena ; – Data archival systems that can hive away, pull strings, and recover immense volumes of informations from arrays of detectors ; and – Computer webs that can convey real-time informations to the desktop, which could potentially immensely increase engagement of research workers, pupils, pedagogues and the general populace in ocean research and find. An illustration of a double usage observatory is the Sound Surveillance System ( SOSUS ) , a classified system developed by the U.S. Navy in the late fiftiess to observe, path, and sort Russian pigboats utilizing arrays of submerged hydrophones. SOSUS is a web of acoustic arrays in which hydrophones are connected to a shore station by a pigboat overseas telegram. Research workers with security clearances have used the system for productive surveies of mid-ocean ridge volcanic-hydrothermal systems, marine mammals, and acoustic thermometry. SOSUS has besides provided the research community with technology know-how that will be relevant to any cabled web of ocean observatories. One lesson from the U.S. Navy ‘s SOSUS type of arrays is that the acquisition and public distribution of acoustic and other geophysical informations in some parts along a state ‘s coastline poses a important national security hazard. Technologies ( e.g. , robust detectors and substructure, independent vehicles ) must be developed to heighten informations aggregation in all conditions conditions to back up high-spatial declaration and near-real-time prediction throughout the Open Ocean and coastal zone. Supplying accurate and comprehensive environmental information will necessitate spread outing experimental webs to supervise, record, and present real-time, surface-monitoring informations ( e.g. , high-frequency, coastal-based radio detection and rangings ) . This enlargement will necessitate progressing detector and engineering development, peculiarly for independent and relentless observations, every bit good as for long-run detecting systems ; spread outing real-time or near-real-time informations aggregation on environmental variables by integrating experimental capablenesss of ships of chance ( e.g. , fishing, lading, and rider vass ) ; and heightening automated and independent bottom-mapping capablenesss for alteration sensing to better rapid, all-out study programming. Datas collected by the detecting systems must be accessible through a comprehensive national information web, either through a individual system or a distributed web. Developing this information web will necessitate new methodological analysiss that address spreads in informations aggregation, sharing, and interoperability of engineerings, and should allow integrating of bing research into operational systems ( e.g. , systems supplying real-time pilotage informations to vass ) . This information web should be able to associate with other databases, such as those concentrating on ecosystem informations, and developed in conformity with international criterions for informations exchange. The national information web will besides supply the informations needed for theoretical accounts imitating multiple scenarios to better understand possible impacts, conditions events or semisynthetic breaks on Marine operations, and to back up operations Restoration programs. The seashore and unfastened ocean are critical spheres for the security of a state with sea as boundaries, both at place and abroad. National-security operations in the ocean take topographic point globally and frequently require uninterrupted, near-real-time monitoring of environmental conditions utilizing tools such as independent detectors, targeted observations, and adaptative modeling. These capablenesss, combined with improved apprehension of the ocean environment enabled by other ocean scientific discipline research activities, will back up accurate ocean-state appraisals and let hereafter forces to carry on joint and combined operations in near shore and deep-ocean operating environments, anyplace and at anytime. In position of the treatment above it has been brought out that the MDA needs to be integrated within pelagic sphere consciousness for completeness of maritime cognition, the deficiency of which can take to serious effects as has been brought out in a recent appraisal of naval exercisings and arm fires in the US, where it was found that over 90 % of them were affected adversely due to amiss assessed or small known environmental factors. In an existent struggle, these would hold led to mission failures. This lone under-pins the fact that Oceanic Domain Awareness is an enabler for the hereafter and an jussive mood for a state like India.

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buy custom College Athletes essay If well calculated, there is enormous revenue gained through sports into colleges. An average player of Football Bowl Subdivision is worth $121, 000. A same level basketball player would be worth$265,000 per year. This is according to a professor in a national athletes advocacy group, but the heated debate remains that of whether the college athletes should be paid or not. Athletes serve as a central attraction when it comes to college sports. The argument has always been put forward by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) that college athletics sit on the principle of amateurism. However, Walter Byers, a former NCAA executive director admits that amateurism is an economic camouflage to hide monopoly thus, an immoral issue. The college athletes are eligible to a payment over and above the privileges that come with playing for their institutions like scholarships, free tuition, education lockbox, and others. Denying them what is theirs serves to worsen the situation of college sports which should be a corporate generating billion dollars. College athletes generate enormous monetary benefits. These benefits go to the NCAA while the same students struggle to meet even the mere basic requirements. The Price of Poverty in Big Time College Sports tells us that the athletes only receive athletic scholarships that cover partially the cost of attending schools. This leaves most of them below the poverty line. The cost of attending school is between$ 952 and$ 6,127 depending on different colleges. This is way beyond what these athletes get because they should not work except during summer. They have tight schedules due to trainings, practice and classes. NCAA restricts them from seeking endorsements. They argue that they are only amateurs thus, should be protected against commercial exploitation. Many college athletes spend most of their time in athletics. Those in Division I spend 39 hours while the ones in Bowl Subdivision spend 43.3 hours per week in athletics. This means that this should be looked at like a full-time employment and; thus, this critical time player should be paid. However, the main beneficiaries of this system are the coaches, the bowl directors, conference commissioners and the athletic directors who receive multimillion dollars as salaries. Research has found that some football coaches bonuses could amount to more than their teams entire scholarship shortfall. This is so exploitative to the college athletes, who sacrifice even their academic performances to direct all their efforts to athletics. They should be the first ones to enjoy the fruits of their hard labor. They sweat and tire in the field for their schools to achieve such rewards. The NCAA does not allow athletes to accept benefits offered other than their scholarships. This has set the athletic program up for failure. There are many organizations that are up to grab athletes who are desperately in need of their assistance. The scholarship they offer does not cover basic costs like food and rent. R. Jay Soward accepted money from NFL agent saying that NCAA scholarship did not meet his basic requirements. Many athletes manage to go through their college life through getting into menial jobs like Soward, who had to sell toilet papers and soaps to hotels. This is so controversial being a member of a team that is bringing billions of dollars to the college. Athletes need to lead a comfortable and the exceptional life without the need to go through such struggles. They may end up diverting their minds from athletics so as to earn a livelihood. They mostly find themselves blinded that their labor in athletics will pay their way through school, but they earn far less than their market value. Colleges view athletics as a business opportunity to make money and to brand their name. However, in business, there are times to reap immense profits and others to incur some losses. This translates that there should be no fixed amount of money that should be termed as payment though there should be a minimum set amount. Different colleges get different kinds of money from their athletic engagements. For example, Texas has always led when it comes to athletics. Florida may not pay its players equal amounts to Texas. It should be able to offer a considerable amount to its players for the work they do. The benefits that colleges reap from athletics should be directed to the people who directly earn them. These are the athletes who sweat and run tirelessly in the field in order to see their teams emerge winners. They should be the first beneficiaries though this is not always the case. The key question remains why deny them what they should rightfully get. The answer is that their bene fits go to a coachs pocket, yet he has just improved on what is already there. Many athletes hurt while in the field playing or even during training. It is so heartbreaking that many of them have lost their legs, eyes, arms and some have died in the course of athletics. Most of the college athletes are still under their parents. They fully rely on their parents and, most of these parents are not financially able. They are still under their parents insurance cover, and most of the parents do not take insurance against athletic issues. Parents have taken unnecessary burdens when their children hurt while playing for their schools. They are unnecessary in the fact that they are burdens that ought to be fully taken care of by the NCAA. Often, the NCAA has abandoned such cases and left the parents to take care of their injured children. There are many reasons that NCAA has put forward as to why the college students should not be paid. They argue that they get scholarships and free housing. However, this argument may not hold much water since if they were not in athletics, they would be permitted to apply for financial grants and aids to help them cover their expenses in school. NCAA terms college athletes as amateur athletes and are, therefore, not fit to get commercial contracts. However, these athletes are not able to secure any form of partial employment because of their travel times and practice schedules. They find themselves in compromising situations whereby, they take the money and material things under the table from those who have an interest in their career. In conclusion, college athletes contribute highly to their colleges. They deserve to be paid in order to keep their spirit going. They should be allocated a considerable stipend in order to help them lead a decent life in college. They should share in the benefits that they have brought to their colleges. They should also be entitled to medical insurance that covers risks related to their athletics. The NCAA should consider the effort that these athletes put to achieve so much for their colleges and NCAA as an association. Those who oppose the payment of the college athletes should look in to the efforts of the athletes and, compare it with the miserable life that they lead. Those who oppose payment for college athletes should join the proponent. It will unify college athletes and those who support them thus, bringing strength in voicing for the payment that they fight for long enough. Buy custom College Athletes essay